Modern Grape High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques
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Modern Grape High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques
China has a wide variety of grape species and a considerable planting area. In order to improve production efficiency, high yield and quality are key. Next, learn about modern grape high-efficiency cultivation techniques, management methods, and pest and disease control.
Cultivation Techniques
1.1 Basic Fertilizer
Apply more than 500 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer (chicken manure, pen manure) and 200-300 kg of superphosphate per mu.
1.2 Trenching
Excavate the planting holes 2-3 months before planting. Separate the mature soil and core soil and stack them separately. First, lay a layer of leaves, weeds, and other organic matter at the bottom of the trench, then backfill a layer of mature soil, followed by a layer of high-quality organic fertilizer, and then alternate layers of soil and fertilizer until 70 cm thick. Finally, fill 30 cm of core soil, controlling each layer to about 10 cm thick, and pour step by step, pouring once in the trench.
1.3 Planting
It can be planted when the temperature reaches 10 degrees Celsius. The row spacing is 180 cm, and the plant spacing is 75-80 cm. After planting, water to keep the soil moist.
Management Methods
2.1 Fertilizer Management
2.1.1 Basic Fertilizer
Apply sufficient decomposed organic fertilizer as the basic fertilizer when trenching.
2.1.2 Topdressing
Topdressing is also known as additional root dressing. Spraying 1%-3% superphosphate solution before flowering, during the young fruit stage, and during the fruit ripening stage can increase the yield and quality of grapes. Spraying 0.05%-0.1% boric acid solution before flowering can improve the fruit-setting rate. Spraying 0.02% manganese solution during the fruit-setting period and fruit growth stage can increase the sugar content in the fruit. Spraying 0.3% urea foliar fertilizer on the leaves can increase chlorophyll content and fruit-setting rate; results show that spraying 0.3% KCl, 0.3% SSP, 1% plant ash, and 0.5% KH2PO4 can promote fruit coloring and ripening.
2.2 Water Resource Management
2.2.1 Germination Water
After grapes are unearthed, water with "germination water" should be used, and the amount of water should be small rather than large.
2.2.2 Water Before Flowering
When the inflorescence appears, it is best to water "flowering and fruit-setting water" before flowering rather than during flowering.
2.2.3 Fruit Swelling Water
Water several times before the fruit coloring based on soil moisture. It is not appropriate to water the berries 3 weeks before harvest.
2.2.4 After Harvest
After harvesting, immediately water to restore its growth. This irrigation can be combined with applying basic fertilizer to promote root growth.
2.2.5 Freezing Water
Water the grapes once before cold protection to ensure overwintering and germination the following year.
2.3 Temperature and Humidity
2.3.1 Temperature
The optimal night temperature is 15°C, not less than 7°C in the early stage, 15°C during flowering, not exceeding 20°C in the later stage; the optimal daytime temperature is 30°C before flowering, 28°C from flowering to maturity, not exceeding 32°C.
2.3.2 Humidity
Control humidity at 80% in the early stage, 65%-70% during flowering, and less than 65% in the later stage.
2.4 Pruning
2.4.1 Leafy Pruning
Also known as special pruning (used only for protected grape cultivation). In late May and early June, when grapes are harvested, in order to adjust the contradiction between the nutritional growth and reproductive growth in water and nutrient demand, improve the fruit-setting rate, improve grape quality, and increase grape plumpness, cut off all new shoots.
2.4.2 Winter Pruning
When the grape leaves, winter pruning (not too early, before warm). Cut off lateral and overlapping branches, do not concentrate too much, and spread them out. During winter pruning, leave 2-3 buds on the one-year-old branches and pinch off when the new shoots have 15 leaves.
Pest and Disease Control
3.1 Diseases and Prevention
3.1.1 Diseases
3.1.1.1 Grey Mold. Grey mold disease is prone to occur before and after flowering, mainly affecting leaves. When the weather is humid, a grey mold layer will appear.
3.1.1.2 Black Rot. Mainly harms young grapes. Green fruits are damaged, with small round brown spots, sunken centers, greyish white inside, and deep brown outside, resembling "bird eyes."
3.1.1.3 Grape White Rot Disease. Also known as ulcer disease, it is a serious disease of grapes. Mainly affects the fruit cluster, light brown lesions, and soft rot. In severe cases, the entire fruit cluster will rot, and the diseased fruit is easy to fall off.
3.1.1.4 T-J. Also known as late rot disease, mainly occurs on colored fruits or nearly mature fruits, initially with brown round spots; when the weather is humid, pink sticky substances will seep from the lesions.
3.1.1.5 Leaf Spot. Leaf spot disease, also known as leaf spot disease, mainly affects leaves. The leaves near the ground or the bottom of the trellis are first susceptible, then spread upwards, forming light brown polygonal lesions near the leaf veins.
3.1.1.6 Downy Mildew. Grape downy mildew is prone to occur in the later growth stage, mainly affecting leaves. Early symptoms are semi-transparent, water-soaked small spots, yellow to red-brown, polygonal, restricted by texture; when the weather is humid, a white powdery mildew layer will appear on the back of the lesions.
3.1.2 Control Measures
Prevention-oriented, comprehensive management.
3.1.2.1 Strengthen cultivation management, apply more organic fertilizer, enhance tree vitality, and improve disease resistance.
3.1.2.2 Thoroughly clean the garden, remove thick bark, and burn it.
3.1.2.3 Prune in time to ensure ventilation and light on the shelves.
3.1.2.4 Reasonably control the temperature and humidity in the shed through methods such as pulling the cover, covering the cover, and ventilating the outlet to reduce the disease source and control the disease.
3.1.2.5 Timely clean the ears and grains to reduce the occurrence of wounds.
3.1.2.6 Chemical control. Before grape germination, apply 75% carbendazim 500 times, 25% benomyl 400 times, or equal amounts of Bordeaux mixture 200-240 times to control grape (T-J) disease. Spray 2-3 times with Bordeaux mixture or 25% benomyl 400 times and 75% carbendazim 500 times before and after flowering to control grape white rot disease, and use 75% carbendazim 500 times and 70% thiabendazole 500 times before and after flowering to control grape black rot. To prevent grey mold, spray 50% thiabendazole 2000 times or 50% cyclophosphamide 1500-2000 times before flowering 7-10 days or during fruit drop. In the later stage of grape growth, use 25P0 times of grey mold bacteria solution or 4000 times of aluminum phosphide solution to control grape downy mildew. Continue treatment for 10-15 days, using the drugs sequentially.
3.2 Pest and Disease Control
3.2.1 Pests
Mainly grape mites, also known as red spiders. When leaves are damaged, black-brown spots appear on the leaf surface, causing leaf shedding; damaging new shoots and lateral shoots, forming tendrils, and finally turning black and necrotic, forming "wire vines."
3.2.2 Control Measures
3.2.2.1 Agricultural control. Thoroughly clean the garden and burn the thick bark.
3.2.2.2 Chemical control. Spray 5° be lime sulfur mixture before germination; during the growing period, spray 0.2-0.3° Be, i.e., 20% chicken netting emulsion 2000 times, 8% avermectin emulsion 600 times, 73% camphor emulsion 3000 times. Continue to use the medicine for 10-15 days.
In summary, today's key points of modern grape planting techniques, friends who like it can study carefully, hoping to be helpful to those who need to learn about planting!
The above [] introduces the related explanation of modern grape high-efficiency planting techniques, hoping to bring a little help to your life!