How to remedy grape flood damage and related prevention and control methods for grape flood damage.

How to remedy grape waterloggingFor many girls, how to remedy grape waterlogging and the introduction of green plants and flowers related to grape waterlogging remedies and prevention methods, please correct any mistakes!With the global warming, extreme weather events occur frequently, and flood disasters have become one of the important disasters in agricultural production. Sudden heavy rain, seasonal precipitation, high groundwater levels, and poor drainage and irrigation systems are the main causes of waterlogging disasters in grape production. Therefore, the disaster prevention and reduction technology of waterlogging lies in preventing the occurrence of waterlogging and taking better remedial measures after waterlogging occurs, thereby minimizing economic losses, which is one of the important measures in grape production.1 Causes and flood tolerance of grape waterlogging1.1 Causes of grape waterloggingThe most direct harm of waterlogging to plants is the inhibition of growth, manifested as slow plant growth, hindered formation of new leaves, premature senility and upward growth of petioles. After waterlogging stress, plant metabolism is affected, the growth potential of plants is weakened, and the accumulation of biomass is reduced. Most grape varieties show obvious damage or even death in waterlogging environments. However, the harm of excessive water is not in the water itself, but due to hypoxia caused by excessive water, which leads to secondary stress and causes harm. On one hand, waterlogging stress interrupts the normal electron chain transmission within cells, causing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2-) ; excessive ROS can lead to membrane lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, under waterlogging stress, plants will initiate anaerobic respiration metabolism, and the activities of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) increase, producing intermediate products such as acetaldehyde, ethanol, and lactic acid, which can be toxic to cells when accumulated to a certain extent.1.2 Germplasm resources of grape flood resistanceUnder waterlogging stress, plants undergo a series of physiological, biochemical, and morphological changes to adapt to or mitigate the damage caused by waterlogging stress. The adaptation mechanism of plants to waterlogging stress involves morphological adaptability, enhancement of antioxidant systems, and changes in respiratory metabolism, which can reflect the flood resistance of plants to some extent. There are many flood-resistant resources in grapes. For example, riverbank grapes, native to the eastern and central United States, grow wild in forests and valleys. From a geographical origin perspective, they are species adapted to moist conditions and also have strong cold resistance. Rootstocks bred by crossing riverbank grapes with sandy grapes or winter grapes have also shown good flood resistance.刺葡萄 and 毛葡萄, native to China, also have strong resistance to wetness and waterlogging. Although wild grapes have strong stress resistance and adaptability, they have some shortcomings compared to table grape varieties, such as small berries and many seeds. Therefore, the improvement of wild grape resources will promote the further development of the grape industry in southern humid regions.2 Flood resistance technical measures2.1 Selecting flood-resistant germplasm resourcesSelecting flood-resistant rootstocks is the main biological approach in current grape production. Flood-resistant rootstocks mainly come from riverbank grapes and their descendants, such as SO4, 5BB, 5C, 520A, 101-14M, 3309C, 3306C, and Betta. These rootstock varieties have good rooting performance and grafting affinity, are resistant to moisture and diseases, and prefer fertile and deep soil.2.2 Improving drainage facility constructionEstablish a complete drainage system, set up open and hidden ditches, and enhance the ability of grapeyards to resist natural disasters; strengthen the construction of drainage facilities, increase the coverage of drainage pipelines, and prevent internal waterlogging.2.3 Appropriate cultivation and management methods(1) Utilize the sheltered cultivation technology model. Abundant rainfall in the summer and autumn brings many adverse factors to grape production, especially in the southern regions of the Yangtze River, where the rainy season coincides with the shooting and fruit-setting period. This can easily lead to high relative humidity in the soil and air of the open-field grapeyards, and the high temperature and humidity conditions can cause serious grape diseases. Sheltered cultivation of grapes is a major form of facility cultivation in southern China, which involves covering the sky to change the microenvironment, making it suitable for grape growth. The advantages of sheltered cultivation of grapes include controlling soil moisture, preventing physiological fruit drop, reducing the spread of fungal diseases, reducing the frequency of spraying, and facilitating the production of high-quality grapes. Compared to保温 promotion cultivation, sheltered cultivation facilities are simple, less costly, have high economic benefits, and have a lower incidence of disease.(2) Utilize the root restriction cultivation technology model. The root restriction cultivation technique of grapes originated in rainy Japan and was introduced to southern China in the early 21st century. Root restriction cultivation involves using certain containers, such as concrete ponds, or certain materials such as plastic film, nonwoven fabric, and frame boxes, to confine the grape roots to a certain growth space, elevate the grape roots, and simultaneously match with drainage pipes and precision irrigation and fertilization techniques. This technique not only restricts the redundant growth of roots, improves the efficiency of fertilizer and water use, but also adjusts the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the plant by controlling the growth and development of the roots, resulting in significantly improved fruit quality. On the other hand, it restricts the downward growth of the roots and avoids high water table immersion. In rainy southern regions, promoting root restriction cultivation techniques can control the nutritional growth of grapes and avoid waterlogging.(3) Utilize the high ridge and deep ditch cultivation model. The high ridge and deep ditch planting method is a tillage method adopted to solve problems such as high groundwater levels, heavy clay soil in low-lying wetlands, and serious waterlogging. After ridging, due to improved soil ventilation, the conditions of water, fertilizer, air, and heat around the roots are stable, which can promote the occurrence of a large number of absorption roots, making the vertical roots shallow and the horizontal roots widely distributed. High ridge platforms concentrate rainwater after rainfall, have quick drainage, and have little residual waterlogging, reducing wetland moisture, enhancing soil ventilation, improving the soil environment, and有利于升温 and nutrient release, which is beneficial to grape growth. Ridging cultivation in the northern plains or low-lying areas can also restrict root growth and facilitate drainage during the rainy season, but in cold winter regions, overly shallow grape roots are not conducive to overwintering and frost prevention.3 Remedial measures after waterlogging occurs(1) Timely drainage. Take strong drainage measures as soon as possible to remove standing water in the grapeyard. Clean and dredge the drainage ditches in time, ensuring that the surrounding ditches, middle ditches, and furrows in the vineyard are interconnected. If conditions permit, use water pumps to drain water, quickly remove the accumulated water in the vineyard, and remove grass-blocking cloth and mulch to improve soil aeration.(2) Improve the soil. After waterlogging, the soil in the orchard becomes compacted, and the soil pores are filled with water, resulting in little oxygen for the roots. After the soil is slightly dry, it should be loosened to increase soil aeration, which is beneficial for grape root respiration and promotes the growth of fibrous roots, preventing root rot and leaf yellowing.(3) Reduce the load. According to the grape variety, tree age, and degree of flooding, appropriately cut the grape clusters in the vineyard to reduce the load. It is recommended that for early-maturing varieties, the load (yield) in vineyards flooded for more than 24 hours should be reduced by more than 1/3; for mid-late maturing varieties, the load (yield) in vineyards flooded for more than 24 hours should be reduced by more than half, and for those flooded for more than 72 hours, the load (yield) should be reduced by more than 3/4. In severe cases, all clusters can be removed. For varieties with severe cracking, remove the cracked fruit in time to reduce losses.(4) Restore tree vigor. To ensure the yield for the year, it is necessary to restore the tree vigor as soon as possible after the flood, including restoring the above-ground tree vigor and root activity. For grapeyards that have been flooded for a long time, in addition to reducing the fruit load, it is also necessary to cut some branches or leaves appropriately. After long-term immersion in water, it is easy for roots to be damaged or some roots to die; especially after sunny days following rain, it is easier for the above-ground and underground parts to have imbalanced water, and cutting some branches and leaves appropriately helps restore tree vigor. For the above-ground parts, reduce water transpiration to ensure tree survival by cutting off uncolored mature fruiting branches or overly thin, thick, flat, and diseased branches. Pinch the auxiliary and main shoots.葡萄 trees, grape stakes, and grape sheds that have been knocked down should be promptly straightened and reinforced, and soil should be added to protect the roots, promoting new root growth, and restoring growth. For roots that are damaged or partially dead due to long-term immersion in water, do not apply fertilizer immediately after the flood. After a period of recovery, apply a small amount of compound fertilizer or a low-concentration foliar fertilizer appropriately to help restore tree vigor. It is not advisable to turn over large areas of soil, as this would exacerbate the wilting of branches and leaves.(5) Top dressing. After grape flooding, the roots are damaged and have poor absorption capacity. It is not suitable to apply fertilizer to the roots immediately.Foliar application of 0.1% to 0.3% phosphorus acid hydrogen potassium or urea solution can be combined with pest and disease control in the spray liquid. Apply every 10 days, for a total of 2 to 3 times.(6) Strengthen pest and disease control. After waterlogging, grape diseases and pests are prone to outbreaks. Pay attention to the timely control of diseases such as anthracnose, downy mildew, and black spot. Therefore, fruit farmers must conduct full orchard disinfection in a timely manner. It is recommended to use a broad-spectrum fungicide with systemic action to spray the leaves carefully and evenly for杀菌 and cleaning the orchard. After the flood冲击, many broken branches and injured leaves will be left behind. These dry and injured branches should be cut off in time to reduce the excessive consumption of tree nutrients and reduce the breeding of pathogens. It is necessary to ensure product quality and safety during the process of preventing and treating diseases and pests, and to use pesticides strictly according to regulations. For varieties that are on sale, use biological pesticides or plant-derived pesticides to control pests and diseases; use yellow sticky boards to trap leafhoppers, blue sticky boards to trap thrips and fruit flies, and use sugar and vinegar solutions to trap fruit-eating moths and golden龟子, and sex pheromones to trap armyworms. For unripe mid-late maturing varieties, chemical pesticides can be used for control. For soils with high acidity, 50-100 kilograms of quicklime can be applied to the entire orchard surface. If the roots have become moldy and black and the variety cannot be sold within half a month, use a 70% methyl thiophanate wettable powder solution (600 times) or a 15% metalaxyl (Tubercle elimination) water-based solution (500 times) for irrigation to disinfect. For varieties prone to downy mildew, it is necessary to spray a fungicide for treating downy mildew once, followed by a preventive fungicide containing copper preparations 3-5 days later. The fungicides can be selected as 50% dimethomorph wettable powder (600-800 times) plus 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder (600-800 times) plus 70% methyl thiophanate wettable powder (800 times). A 0.2% phosphorus acid hydrogen potassium solution can be added to the above pesticides to improve disease resistance. When acid rot is found, remove the rotten grains in time and spray the fruit clusters with an 80%灭蝇胺 water-dispersible granule formulation (5000 times) plus a 20%乙酸铜 water-dispersible granule formulation (500 times).The above experience on how to remedy grape waterlogging and related grape waterlogging remedies and prevention methods for green plants and flowers are hoped to bring you help in life!