How to plant strawberries in a greenhouse
Do you want to know how to plant strawberries in a greenhouse and the planting methods and timing of strawberries in the field of green plants and flowers? The following will share detailed content.
Strawberries are bright red, aromatic and juicy, sweet and sour, rich in vitamins and various amino acids, and also contain fructose, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, malic acid, carotene, riboflavin, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc, chromium and other nutrients. Strawberries have the effects of improving eyesight and nourishing the liver, and beautifying the face. They are rich in fiber and can promote intestinal peristalsis, which is beneficial to defecation. Therefore, strawberries are more and more popular with consumers, and strawberry picking has gradually become a new type of leisure and entertainment. Greenhouse strawberries have good quality and can extend the supply period of strawberries, expand the planting range of strawberries, and improve the economic benefits of strawberries. This article summarizes the main points of planting greenhouse strawberries from the aspects of strawberry variety selection, field management, pest and disease control, and fruit harvesting, for the reference of fruit farmers.
1 Variety selection
Greenhouse strawberries should choose varieties with short dormancy period, cold resistance, more flowering under low temperature conditions, strong self-pollination ability, large and uniform fruit, high yield, few malformed fruits, and good taste, such as Beni-Shogun, Akihime, Jingbao, Takihime, Tochiotome, Hongxiu, Jingzangxiang and so on. In actual production, Beni-Shogun and Akihime strawberries are generally more.
2 Timely planting
The planting period is around mid-September. Strawberries should be transplanted with soil, with strong seedlings and elimination of weak and diseased seedlings. Each plant retains more than 3 leaves, adopts double-row planting in each ridge, row spacing of 35~45 cm, and hole spacing of 25~30 cm. The planting depth should be "not too deep to bury the heart, not too shallow to expose the roots". Too deep burial of the seedling heart is easy to rot; too shallow exposure of the new stem will cause the seedling to wither and die. When planting, let the seedling roots stretch, cultivate fine soil, and make the base of the seedling heart flush with the bed surface. Plant 5,000 plants per 667 m2, with the seedling arch back outward, making the inflorescence extend to the ditch side, which is beneficial to fruit light exposure, promote coloring, and convenient for harvesting.
3 Field management
3.1 Covering the shed and laying film
When the average temperature reaches about 13 ℃, shed insulation should be carried out, generally in mid-October to early November. It is not suitable to cover the shed too early, otherwise the high temperature will affect the differentiation of lateral flower buds; it is not suitable to cover the shed too late, otherwise it will significantly delay the flowering and fruiting of lateral inflorescences. After covering the shed, black plastic film should be laid on the ground when strawberries appear, and the plastic film should be flattened and stretched on the ridge, tightly attached to the ridge surface, and the four sides of the film should be pressed tightly with soil. Dig holes on the plastic film to release the seedlings, release all the leaves, and prevent the seedlings from being roasted by high temperature.
3.2 Release of bees
Releasing bees in the shed can promote pollination, improve fruit setting rate, reduce malformed fruits, and improve fruit quality. One hive per shed, with medium bees being appropriate. The time to release bees is 5~6 days before flowering. It is necessary to feed the bees with sugar water appropriately. During the day, pay attention to ventilation and moisture removal. When ventilating, cover the vent with gauze to prevent bees from flying out. Before spraying, close the entrance of the beehive and move the beehive out of the shed. After 2~4 days of spraying, move the beehive back into the shed to avoid large-scale death of bees caused by spraying.
3.3 Temperature and humidity management
The optimal temperature for strawberry growth is 20~28 ℃, and the shed temperature should be kept at 25~30 ℃ during the day, not higher than 35 ℃ and not lower than 20 ℃. When the shed temperature exceeds 30 ℃ during the day, open the shed door and open the shed film on both sides to ventilate and cool down, keeping the shed temperature at about 25 ℃. The night temperature is 12~15 ℃ and should not be lower than 5 ℃. When the shed temperature is lower than 5 ℃, double-layer shed coverage or timely coverage with straw mats can be used for insulation. The humidity in the shed should be kept at 70%~80%. High relative humidity not only hinders flowering and pollination, but also easily causes various diseases and pests. If the humidity is high during the harvest period, gray mold and other diseases are prone to occur. Noon is the best time for ventilation and moisture reduction. At other times, ventilation and moisture reduction should be carried out on the basis of insulation.
3.4 Plant management
3.4.1 Removal of old leaves
After the new leaves unfold, the old leaves begin to age. The nutrition produced by the old leaves can no longer meet the needs of plant growth, and they are also susceptible to diseases. Therefore, old leaves, withered leaves and diseased leaves should be removed in time, which is conducive to improving ventilation and light transmission conditions and maintaining 6~7 leaves. During the growth process of strawberries, a large number of axillary buds and creeping stems will be produced, which will consume a lot of nutrients, reduce the single fruit weight and yield, so they should also be removed in time.
3.4.2 Flower and fruit thinning
Greenhouse strawberries bloom first with sufficient nutrition, large fruit size, early maturity, and good quality; the flowers blooming later have small fruit size, poor nutrition, or only bloom without fruit, which consumes nutrition and reduces yield. Even if fruits are produced, they have no commercial value. Therefore, it is necessary to thin flowers and fruits in time during the flowering and fruiting period, retaining 1~3 fruits per inflorescence, and removing fruits with short pedicel, small flowers, small or malformed fruits. According to the variety and plant growth conditions, it is advisable to leave 7~12 fruits per plant. Remove the residual inflorescences after picking in time to reduce nutrient consumption.
3.5 Fertilization and water management
3.5.1 Water management
Strawberry roots are shallow, the plant is small and the leaves are large, with a large evaporation area, and requires sufficient water during the growth period, but it is afraid of waterlogging. Regular and moderate watering is required to keep the soil moisture at 60%~80% of the maximum field water holding capacity. Watering should follow the principle of less and more times. If there is no phenomenon of water exudation at the edges of tender leaves in the morning, it indicates that strawberries lack water; if there is a lot of water exudation at the edges of tender leaves, it indicates that the soil near the strawberry roots is not lacking in water. Generally, drip irrigation is used, and water is irrigated once every 5~7 days. When the soil is moist, the frequency of irrigation can be reduced.
3.5.2 Fertilizer management
Greenhouse strawberries have a long growth cycle and high requirements for fertilizer and water conditions, so sufficient fertilizer should be provided to meet the needs of strawberry growth. Due to the need to cover the ground with film in greenhouse cultivation of strawberries, this increases the difficulty of topdressing during the growing period, so sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. Base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, plus an appropriate amount of compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which is applied when preparing the land for cultivation. Decomposed high-quality farm manure, with a fertilization amount of 3,000 kg/667 m2. If conditions permit, decomposed cake fertilizer (rapeseed cake) can be applied, with a dosage of 100 kg/667 m2. On the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be carried out to increase the sugar content of strawberries and improve the fruit quality. Topdressing should start after the buds appear, with a small amount and multiple times, generally topdressing every 15~20 days, mainly in the fruiting period. Drip irrigation and foliar topdressing are used, and 20 kg of chloride-free high potassium liquid or water-soluble fertilizer per 667 m2 is applied before and during the peak picking period of the top fruit, with the concentration controlled at 0.2%~0.3%. At the same time, KH2PO4 can be used for foliar topdressing with a concentration of 0.1%~0.2% to increase the sugar content of the fruit.
4 Pest and disease control
Greenhouse strawberries have many pests and diseases. Common diseases include anthracnose, gray mold, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc. Common pests include aphids, whitefly, thrips, etc.
4.1 Agricultural control
4.1.1 Selection of disease-resistant varieties and reasonable close planting
Different varieties have different resistance to strawberry diseases. For example, Beni-Shogun strawberries are more sensitive to anthracnose and gray mold; Akihime strawberries have moderate resistance to anthracnose and gray mold; and Hongyu variety has resistance to gray mold during greenhouse production and moderate resistance to powdery mildew. Appropriate reduction of planting density is conducive to ventilation and light transmission in the strawberry garden, reduction of field humidity, and reduction of the probability of disease occurrence, as well as enhancement of the disease resistance of strawberries.
4.1.2 Strengthen management
Comprehensive use of water and fertilizer, base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar topdressing, less nitrogen fertilizer application, and more application of organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can cultivate healthy plants and reduce the harm of pests and diseases. The use of plastic film for full ridge coverage can reduce the contact between fruits and soil, as well as reduce the humidity in the shed, thereby reducing the disease. Good shed hygiene should be maintained, timely removal of weeds, diseased leaves, old leaves, and diseased residues, and removal of them from the shed for centralized incineration or deep burial; at the same time, destroy the living space of pests, reduce the number of pests in the shed, and achieve a preventive effect.
4.2 Chemical control
4.2.1 Anthracnose
At the initial stage of the disease, spray O-lik-quick clean 300~500 times, and use it once every 5~7 days, with the number of spray applications depending on the condition of the disease; or use 50% prochloraz manganese salt wettable powder 1,000 times liquid, or 60% fludioxonil·metiram water dispersible granule 800 times liquid, spray once every 10 days, and spray 3~5 times continuously.
4.2.2 Gray mold
The best time for drug application is when more than 20% of the first inflorescence of strawberries have bloomed and the second inflorescence has just bloomed. During the shed insulation period, 50% iprodione suspension concentrate 1,000~1,500 times liquid spray, or 50% boscalid water dispersible granule 1,500 times spray, or 50% procymidone wettable powder 1,000~1,500 times liquid, etc., spray once every 7~10 days, and spray continuously for 2~3 times. The effect of alternating drug use is better; in the later stage of production, 50% kieserite water dispersible granule 1,000 times liquid spray can be used.
4.2.3 Powdery mildew
At the initial stage of the disease, 50% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole water dispersible granule, 10~20 g per 667 m2, diluted with 30 kg of water, can be sprayed; or 75% tebuconazole·tebuconazole water dispersible granule, 10~15 g per 667 m2, diluted with 30~50 kg of water, can be sprayed. Focus on spraying the diseased center and surrounding plants. Sulfur fumigation has the effect of blocking the spread of hyphae and killing spores. In production, a sulfur fumigation device is generally used, with one installed in the shed every 60~100 m2, and fumigation is carried out at night, with a time not exceeding 3 hours, and ventilation is carried out the next morning. Avoid high temperature periods to prevent phytotoxicity to strawberries.
4.2.4 Leaf spot disease
Select high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides. At the initial stage of the disease, 80% mancozeb wettable powder 600~800 times liquid, or 24% myclobutanil wettable powder 1,000 times liquid can be sprayed every 7~10 days, and sprayed continuously for 2~3 times.
4.2.5 Cabbage butterfly
Control agents include 20% parathion emulsion 1,500 times liquid, or 20% chlorfluazuron suspension concentrate 1,500~2,000 times liquid, or 15% abamectin suspension concentrate 3,500 times liquid, etc., for spraying prevention and control, with the control time before the third instar of the cabbage butterfly.
4.2.6 Strawberry mites
At the initial stage of the disease, 70% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500~700 times liquid can be sprayed again after 10 days. 25% azocyclotin wettable powder 1,500 times liquid, or 15% pyridaben emulsion 1,500 times liquid after heating can be sprayed for prevention and control.
4.2.7 Aphids, whiteflies, and thrips
Before releasing bees, 10% imidacloprid 1,000 times, or 6% spinetoram suspension concentrate, or 5% acetamiprid wettable powder 1,500 times liquid, etc., can be used for drug control. After releasing bees, 22% Tefuryl suspension concentrate 3,000 times liquid can be used for control.
4.3 Biological control
4.3.1 Use of sex attractants
Use sex attractants to attract male moths, reduce mating, reduce pest density, and control cabbage butterflies. The height of the trap should be about 1 m from the ground, with an effective range of about 20 m in radius.
4.3.2 Use of natural enemies
Inhibit pests through natural enemies. For example, when controlling aphids, whiteflies, and thrips, ladybugs, ladybugs, and parasitic wasps can be used for biological control. Releasing predatory mites during the flowering and fruiting period of greenhouse strawberries can also largely inhibit the number of strawberry mites.
4.4 Physical control
4.4.1 Use of yellow orientation
According to the characteristics that the adults of aphids, whiteflies, and thrips are attracted to yellow, yellow boards can be artificially set to trap and kill adults. Specific measures include cutting hard paper or plastic film boards into about 40 cm×50 cm in size, painting them yellow, and then painting a layer of sticky oil (the sticky oil can be engine oil, or butter can be added to the engine oil for mixing) on them, clipping them with bamboo strips, and inserting them between the plants, making the yellow board 30 cm higher than the plants. It is advisable to set 30~50 per 667 m2. Generally, the sticky oil is repainted every 10~15 days. If there are too many trapped insects, the sticky oil can be repainted in time according to the situation.
4.4.2 Manual trapping
Manual trapping of larvae and adults, scraping off egg masses, removing cocoons, cutting off damaged branches and leaves, and using black lights to trap adult moths can reduce greenhouse pests and diseases.
5 Harvesting
The surface of the strawberry fruit is initially green, gradually turns white, and finally turns red to dark red. It can be harvested when the red surface reaches more than 70%. Strawberries must be harvested in a timely manner after maturity, otherwise the berries are prone to rot, causing losses. Harvest once every 1~2 days, harvest once a day during the peak fruiting period, and harvest all the fruits of suitable maturity each time. Since the strawberry berries contain a lot of water and have very thin fruit skin, they should be picked and placed gently during harvesting, holding the strawberry stem with your hand instead of directly pinching the fruit, sorting and packaging them immediately. The transportation tools should be clean and hygienic to avoid secondary pollution. Strawberries are prone to rot after picking, so reasonable storage methods should be adopted. They can be placed in a ventilated place or stored in a low temperature environment. When placing them in the refrigerator, they must be placed in a fresh-keeping film first, which can prevent the loss of strawberry moisture.
The above-mentioned sharing of greenhouse strawberry planting methods and the specific content of strawberry planting methods and timing, if it can bring you help, remember to come to the website often!