How to manage grapes in the beginning of spring: Key points of grape spring management techniques.

How to manage grapes in springThe editor will answer the related content of how to manage grapes in spring and the technical points of grape spring management in green plants. The specific details are as follows:Recently, it is the key period of COVID-19 prevention and control. It is important to do a good job of personal protection and keep away from virus infection. At the same time, we should not neglect agricultural work and should catch up with the time to do a good job of grape garden spring management to lay a foundation for a good harvest in the new year.I. Spring management technology of grapes cultivated in open fields(1) Applicable periodFrom late February to early May.Grapes in northern areas are dormant in winter.The first growth period in spring is the bleeding period, and the start time of the bleeding period depends on the soil temperature. When the soil temperature below the ground surface reaches 6℃ or 8℃, the roots of Vitis amurensis, European and American varieties, or European and Asian varieties of grapes begin to grow and have absorption functions. Once the aboveground part of the plant is injured (such as pruning or mechanical damage), or the winter pruning is late, or the lignification degree of the branches in the previous autumn is poor, bleeding often occurs. Bleeding does not occur after germination and leaf expansion in the same year. The bleeding period generally lasts for about one month.The second stage of spring growth is the germination and new shoot growth period, which starts from germination and ends before flowering, lasting about 30-40 days.Therefore, in northern areas of China, it generally starts from late February of the Gregorian calendar and is completed in early to mid-May.In fact, these two stages are artificially divided, which is only for easy understanding and convenient formulation of cultivation techniques and management. Due to the different growth characteristics of the two stages, the corresponding cultivation and management techniques are obviously different. The first stage is generally from late February to early April, and the focus of grape garden management is to promote and protect root growth, prevent bleeding, prevent the drying of branches and tips, and protect germination. The second stage is generally from early April to early May, and the focus of grape garden management is to promote the healthy and stable growth of new shoots and ensure the differentiation and development of inflorescence.(2) Applicable solar termsFruit farmers often use the traditional Chinese lunar calendar and are proficient in the use of the twenty-four solar terms. It is recommended that fruit farmers plan, manage and record agricultural affairs according to the twenty-four solar terms or the Gregorian calendar. The use of solar terms to plan and manage agricultural affairs is scientific and reasonable, which is an excellent traditional Chinese culture. Grape spring management is mainly in the six solar term periods of Rain Water, Waking of Insects, Spring Equinox, Pure Brightness, Grain Rain and Beginning of Summer. From Rain Water or Waking of Insects to Pure Brightness or Grain Rain, grape gardens in northern China enter the bleeding period. From Pure Brightness to Beginning of Summer, it is the germination and new shoot growth period of grapes.(3) Grape spring management technology1. Bleeding period ~ germination period(1) Tighten the iron wire of the frame: tighten the loose iron wire, straighten the支柱, and arrange the iron wire of the frame surface.(2) Clean the garden: around mid-March, 2 weeks before germination, clean up the weeds, branches and leaves in the garden first, remove the insect eggs on the cement piles and tree trunks, and spray 3-5 Baumé lime sulfur mixture in the whole garden at noon on sunny days. Generally, 200kg of liquid medicine is sprayed per acre in a mature garden, so that the liquid medicine on the branches, poles, iron wires and ground is "wet, permeable and flowing". It is advocated to prevent and control pests and diseases "early, small, and completely" and "prevent rather than treat", so as to reduce the pressure of prevention and control throughout the year.(3) Prevent wind drying: whitewash the tree trunks and bind them before germination.(4) Repair embankments: level the field surface, repair the embankments, dredge the channels, and keep them unobstructed.(5) Apply fertilizer before germination: from late February to early March, apply fertilizer before germination about 30-10 days before germination, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main component. 10-50kg of urea or 10-50kg of ternary compound fertilizer or diammonium phosphate per 667m2 (mu) can be applied. The topdressing should be carried out by digging a 10cm deep ditch 0.5-1.0m away from the tree trunk, mixing the chemical fertilizers and applying them, and then covering the soil.(6) Irrigate water before germination: irrigate thoroughly once after applying germination fertilizer, with a water consumption of 60-100m3 (square) per mu.(7) Cover the ground film: after watering, cover the ground film or horticultural ground cloth on the tree disk row. Black ground film, black silver gray double-sided ground film, or horticultural ground cloth can be selected. The width of the film covering is 50-80cm on both sides of the tree row.(8) Taboo: Avoid pruning and mechanical damage to the tree trunk.2. New shoot growth period ~ flowering period(1) Remove buds and determine shoots: thin out the buds with improper positions, weak buds and dense buds, and leave 1 bud per section.(2) Bind new shoots: tie the determined new shoots in time, with a distance of 15-25cm per branch. The branches should be tied up according to the softness of the branches, and arranged evenly.(3) New shoot topping: Kyoho, Hutai No. 8 grapes that are easy to fall flowers should be topped 3 days before flowering, and Red Globe and other varieties that are relatively easy to fruit should be topped 3 days after flowering. The tendrils should be removed at any time during the whole growth period.(4) Fertilizer before flowering: 10 days before flowering, topdressing fertilizer before flowering should be applied in the tree row on the other side of the tree trunk where the germination fertilizer is applied. Dig a 10cm deep ditch 0.5-1.0m away from the tree trunk, apply 10-50kg of diammonium phosphate, 10-50kg of potassium sulfate, and 1-5kg of trace element fertilizer per acre. Mix the chemical fertilizers and apply them, cover the soil, and irrigate the whole garden once with a water consumption of 30-60m3. Spray 0.3% urea + 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax or trace element fertilizer (calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc, iron) solution 1-2 times on the leaf surface before flowering to promote pollination and fertilization.(5) Tillage and weeding: The orchard can grow grass (artificially planted grass) or retain grass (naturally growing grass), and the grass height should be controlled at 5cm. After the grass grows taller, mow the grass in time. Weeding can also be carried out by clearing the weeds in the row, loosening the soil, and covering the field surface with grass. Keep the drainage ditches in good condition to prevent waterlogging.(6) Thin out flower clusters: about 5 days before flowering, remove the small flower clusters and cut off the secondary clusters. Leave 1 fruit cluster on the strong branches and no fruit clusters on the weak branches.(7) Pest control: From the beginning of germination, alternate spraying of pyrethroid and imidacloprid solution to control green stink bugs, aphids, etc. Spray Bordeaux mixture, thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim, or mancozeb, maneb before flowering to prevent anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew, etc. Spray once every 10-15 days. Spray again after rain.(8) Prevent late frost: Scientific management, strong tree vigor. For extreme cold spring, use methods such as watering the tree trunk, spraying humic acid, seaweed acid, etc., which have frost prevention effects. According to the weather conditions, short-term fumigation, ignition, and other methods can be selected at night.(9) Taboo: Avoid flooding.II. Cold shed grape spring management technology1. Strengthen the steel wire of the frameAfter a long winter, the first thing to do in the grape garden is to tighten the loose steel wire, straighten the支柱, and strengthen the shed frame.2. UnearthFirst unearth the grapes in orchards that are buried in soil for cold protection. The unearth can be carried out in batches. After the unearth, the branches and vines are thrown on the ground first, and then tied up on the shelves when the velvet ball period is approaching.This step is omitted for orchards that are not buried in soil for cold protection.3. Clean the gardenFirst clean up the weeds, branches and leaves, old bark, etc. in the garden, and spray 3-5 Baumé lime sulfur mixture in the whole garden at noon on sunny days, with a dosage of 50-100kg per 667m2 (mu). Pay attention to spray the ground, cement piles, iron wires, and tree trunks.4. Land preparationLevel the land, build irrigation channels or arrange drip irrigation facilities, and prepare for irrigation.5. IrrigationIrrigate the whole garden thoroughly once. The water consumption of the whole garden is 60-100m3. After this irrigation, try not to irrigate large amounts of water before flowering to avoid reducing the temperature.6. Cover the film and cover the shedThe period of covering the shed and raising the temperature in spring promotion cultivation depends on the chilling requirement of the variety and the time of解除 dormancy, and also considers the local environmental conditions and temperature performance, as well as whether there are temporary heating measures in the shed to ensure that the growth of new shoots and inflorescence are not harmed by low temperature, generally after the natural dormancy of grapes ends. In northern China, all grape varieties have passed the dormancy period by late January of the following year, and there is no need for artificial breaking dormancy. Some orchards, if the grape nutritional growth in the previous year is too vigorous, can be assisted by using dormancy breaking agents to treat the buds at the base of the fruiting mother branches to promote uniform germination.About a week after watering, cover the tree disk or tree row with ground film or horticultural ground cloth in time after the soil stratification, and there is no need to cover the row space, which is best for natural grass growth or artificial grass planting. Cover the shed film for insulation and temperature rise after a week.To prevent excessive temperature drop at night, a second layer of film can be covered inside the shed to strengthen insulation.7. Temperature managementAfter covering the shed film, pay attention to ventilation and air exchange to lower the temperature to prevent high temperature in the shed. When the temperature is high, ventilation and air exchange are carried out through the skylight on the top of the shed. Generally, according to the weather conditions, it starts at 8:00 in the morning and closes at 3-5:00 in the afternoon. The ground window at the bottom of the shed can also be opened or the skirt film can be opened for air exchange before and after flowering.The temperature inside the shed should be managed according to the stepped temperature rise program in the early stage (Table 1).Table 1 Management indicators of temperature and humidity in each period of grape cultivation in greenhousesThe weather in northern areas changes greatly in spring, with frequent alternation of cooling and warming, which has a certain impact on the production of facility agriculture. Therefore, special attention should be paid to environmental control in the cultivation of grapes in plastic greenhouses, and precautions should be taken to prevent cold damage in early spring. It is necessary to extend the lighting time in the facility as much as possible, and clean the film surface in time to keep it clean and dry. Reflective film is advocated for ground film use, and supplementary lights can be hung to increase lighting and make up for the lack of temperature.When the temperature inside the shed is lower than 10℃, according to the height of the plants, hanging a second layer of thermal insulation curtain, covering the shed with thermal insulation quilt or straw curtain, and surrounding with straw to prevent cold. If the temperature inside the shed is lower than 6℃, temporary heating measures should be taken, such as electric heating, charcoal basin, incandescent lamp, smoke fumigation, etc., but attention should be paid to the safety of operation.8. Humidity managementAvoid high temperature and dryness before germination. When it is dry, water should be irrigated moderately, and water should be sprayed on the branches to keep the relative humidity inside the shed between 70% and 90%. When the new shoots grow to 20cm, the soil moisture should be maintained at about 70%, and the air humidity inside the shed should be reduced to 60%, which is conducive to flowering, fruit setting, and reducing the occurrence of diseases. Pay attention to ventilation and air exchange. During the period of fruit expansion after flowering, the water evaporation is large, and more water and fertilizer are needed. Topdressing and irrigation should be carried out in time, and the soil moisture should be maintained at 70%-80%, and the air humidity inside the shed should be about 65%.Strictly control irrigation in spring. Do five irrigations and five non-irrigations: irrigate on sunny days and not on cloudy days (irrigate on sunny days and not on cloudy days); irrigate before and not after (irrigate before noon and not after noon); irrigate small and not large (irrigate small water and not flood irrigation); irrigate warm water and not cold water (the water temperature is low in winter, and the water temperature should be preheated to be close to the ground temperature before irrigation, generally build a water cellar or water tank in the room); irrigate dark and not bright (irrigate dark water under the film, and try not to irrigate bright water).Pay attention to open the ventilation port for a short time on cloudy days to ventilate and exchange air, reduce the humidity inside the shed, and prevent diseases.9. Shaping and pruningBind the grape vines on the shelves before the velvet ball period.Remove the germs in time and determine the branches. The germs on the trunk should be removed in time. Leave one bud on each node of the fruiting mother branches, and remove the weak buds. Remove the germs in batches and multiple times according to the growth situation. Tie up the branches in time when the length of the branches reaches 2 shelves, and arrange one branch evenly every 20-25cm on the 2 shelves, and remove the excess branches.Avoid pruning with scissors before the leaves are unfolded to prevent bleeding.10. FertilizationApply fertilizer before germination about 30-10 days before germination, with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as the main component. Apply 10-40kg of urea or 10-40kg of ternary compound fertilizer or diammonium phosphate per acre. The topdressing should be carried out by digging a 10cm deep ditch 0.5-0.8m away from the tree trunk, mixing the chemical fertilizers and applying them, and then covering the soil.Apply fertilizer before flowering 10 days before flowering in the tree row on the other side of the tree trunk where the germination fertilizer is applied. Dig a 10cm deep ditch 0.5-0.8m away from the tree trunk, apply 25-50kg of diammonium phosphate, 10-50kg of potassium sulfate, and 1-5kg of trace element fertilizer per acre. Mix the chemical fertilizers and apply them, cover the soil, and irrigate the whole garden once with a water consumption of 30-60m3.Apply foliar fertilizer in time after the leaves are unfolded to improve the frost resistance of the plants. Generally, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaf surface, which can be added with 0.3% urea, etc., once every 2 weeks. Spray 0.3% urea + 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax or trace element fertilizer (calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc, iron) solution 1-2 times on the leaf surface before flowering to promote pollination and fertilization.Before the grapes are unearthed in the buried soil cold protection area, 1-5m3 (square) of decomposed organic fertilizer can be applied per acre, and mixed with the soil during the unearthing and land preparation.11. Pest controlIn addition to spring cleaning of the garden, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pests and diseases before and after germination and flowering. The preferred medicine is smoke agent. It is recommended to use smoke agents such as chlorothalonil, hymexazol smoke agent, isoprocarb smoke agent, etc. Chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum protective and therapeutic agent, which is effective against general fungal diseases. The hymexazol smoke agent (procure) is most effective against gray mold. Avoid pruning and removing germs during continuous overcast days to prevent disease infection. Isoprocarb smoke agent is a carbamate insecticide, which mainly inhibits acetylcholinesterase in insects, causing paralysis and death of insects, and can control whiteflies, thrips, mites, leafminer, diamondback moths, aphids, etc. in greenhouses and sheds.12. Ground managementWhen the grass in the grass-growing orchard grows to more than 20cm high, mow the grass in time, and keep the grass height at about 5cm; the row space in the non-grass-growing orchard needs to be weeded and tilled in time, clear the weeds, and loosen the topsoil of the beds.13. Clean and maintain the cold protection ditchTimely remove the snow and water around the shed to prevent damage from snowmelt and waterlogging.Change or supplement the straw or leaves in the cold protection ditch set outside the east and west sides of the shed to effectively prevent the indoor temperature from dropping.The above is the experience and knowledge of how to manage grapes in spring and the technical points of grape spring management. I hope this article can bring you some help!