How to Plant Jujube Trees
For most women, the introduction to planting and managing jujube trees, a very good experience and knowledge, is recommended to be collected!
Soil requirements for planting red jujube trees: Red jujube trees do not have strict soil requirements, and alkaline soil with a salt content of less than 0.3% and a pH value within the range of 8.5 can be planted. On sandy soil, loam, clay, desert, and Gobi, as long as the management is in place, jujube trees can grow normally. In 2003, I planted 120 mu of red jujube trees in the team, which were planted on the heavy clay land abandoned by the unit. Through digging planting pits, soaking roots with rooting powder, applying water retention agents at the bottom of the pits, and covering the soil with film and watering, the survival rate reached more than 95% in the first year, ranking first in the team's survival rate that year. It is a high-quality garden that the leaders of the second agricultural division must visit every time. The planting of red jujube trees does not require high land leveling. Currently, in southern Xinjiang, high-pressure drip irrigation (team, Korla) is basically used for planting jujube trees, and some places adopt sleeve ditch irrigation (Hejing) and small bed irrigation (Ruoqiang, Qiemo). There is no big problem with a drop of 3-4 meters on the land with high-pressure drip irrigation. As long as the measures are appropriate, it will not have a great impact on the normal growth of red jujube trees. The drop of several plots of the Hongqiang Agricultural Development Company is about 5 meters, and the growth of jujube trees is still very normal.
Establishment of the garden:
Currently, the establishment of jujube gardens in the Kuta Reclamation Area has gone through three stages. The first stage: early transportation of finished grafted seedlings from Henan and Shanxi for planting. There were many problems in this stage of jujube garden establishment. Firstly, the seedlings were uneven, and some seedlings had mixed varieties, causing losses to jujube farmers. They said it was grey jujube, but there were all kinds of varieties, and jujube farmers needed to graft them again. Secondly, the seedlings from outside were not adapted to the Xinjiang climate, and the bark of the main stem cracked in winter, causing the upper part to dehydrate and dry out and die. Every spring, new branches need to be regenerated, which wastes nutrients and affects the income of jujube farmers. Thirdly, the cost is too high. The second stage: planting sour jujube seedlings from Henan and Shanxi. The problems in this stage are high cost and no guarantee of survival rate. The third stage: self-broadcasting and establishing the garden or raising seedlings and transplanting the garden. Currently, this method is mainly adopted in Korla, Tarim, Ruoqiang, and Qiemo areas.
While establishing the garden, the planning and design of windbreaks should be done well. The surrounding area of a 100-mu jujube garden should have a position with a width of about 10 meters for windbreaks. The tree species for planting windbreaks should be drought-resistant tree species such as sand jujube and poplar. In places with better water conditions, poplar and white wax, which grow faster, can be planted appropriately to quickly play the role of windbreak and sand fixation, and then gradually replace them with poplar and sand jujube.
Selection of plant spacing: According to many years of observation, the three patterns of 1*3, 2*3, and 3*3 plant spacing are more in line with requirements. The advantages of these three patterns are: 1. Early results in the early stage; 2. Tree shape cultivation can be combined with leaving one and cutting one, and leaving one and cutting two after growing up, so that the tree shape does not need to be changed.
Configuration of pollination trees: Currently, the jujube tree varieties in the Kuta Reclamation Area are mainly grey jujube, with some jujube, winter jujube, Zanhuang big jujube, and Jinchang No. 1. Grey jujube is grafted in the second year after broadcasting, and there is basically no yield in the year of grafting. Therefore, during grafting, nine rows of grey jujube and one row of other varieties of jujube trees can be adopted. The yield of jujube and Jinchang No. 1 in the year of grafting is very ideal, and they can be selected as the preferred tree species.
Sowing methods:
1. Directly lay film and sow with a vehicle. The precision sowing box of the air suction type can adopt the method of removing several forks by turning the ratchet pulley, and adjust it to the required plant spacing. The removed forks can be replaced with forks with damaged arms. For the old-fashioned sowing box, the method of removing the duckbill and blocking the eye can be used to adjust it to the required plant spacing. Sow when the soil moisture is suitable, or adopt dry sowing and wet emergence sowing. This model is more suitable for mature plots with complete windbreak systems that have been planted for many years, where seedlings are easy to emerge and the survival rate is relatively high. The diameter of the seedlings reaches 5MM in the first year, and the grafting rate in the second year can basically reach 100%.
2. Nursery bag greenhouse seedling raising. This model has a high cost and requires a lot of labor, but its advantages are also very prominent. Especially for newly reclaimed orchards in the current year, due to the incomplete windbreak system or the orchard located in the windward area, if direct sowing and establishing the garden is adopted, it is possible that the seedlings will not emerge evenly, or after the jujube seedlings emerge from the ground, they may encounter wind disasters. The resistance of small jujube seedlings to wind is poor, which often causes the loss of plastic film or drip irrigation tape, increases the cost for jujube farmers, and delays the time of establishing the garden. Nursery bag greenhouse seedling raising can help you avoid the windy period, and due to the developed root system of the seedlings at the time of planting and the high degree of lignification of the stem, the resistance is strong and easy to survive. The planting time is flexible, and trees can be planted before the end of July. However, there are a few points to pay attention to in this model: 1. Pay attention to the soil quality when filling the soil in the nursery bag, and do not use sandy soil. 2. Early root pruning should be done before planting. 3. If the planting time is too late, chemical agents should be sprayed on the seedlings to control the growth. 4. After planting, water (irrigation) should be done in a timely manner, and rooting agents should be sprayed to promote root growth.
Management of the jujube garden:
1. Management during the seedling stage.
Soil management: The seedling stage requires rapid growth of seedlings and rapid establishment of the garden. All soil management should focus on this center to carry out work. Firstly, weeding is required to reduce water and fertilizer competition; secondly, loosening the soil in the tree basin to increase the soil temperature and promote root growth. Water and fertilizer management: Water and fertilizer during the seedling stage should highlight five words, "multiple times and small doses." Fertilization during the seedling stage is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and the roots of seedlings are shallow, and sensitive to fertilizer quantity. "Multiple times and small doses" fully considers the characteristics of seedlings. Increasing the number of watering and fertilizing, reducing the amount of water and fertilizer each time, not only promotes the growth of jujube seedlings but also reduces waste. In the first year of planting and the first year of grafting, water and fertilizer management should follow these five words. At the same time, attention should be paid to the spraying of foliar fertilizer. If necessary, growth hormones can be added to the foliar fertilizer to promote rapid growth of jujube seedlings.
Xinjiang soil is alkaline, so nitrogen fertilizer should be mainly neutral urea. Phosphorus fertilizer should try not to use alkaline superphosphate. When applying foliar fertilizer, the concentration of urea is 0.3-0.5%; monopotassium phosphate is 0.2-0.3%; borax (acid) is 0.2-0.3%; rare earth is 0.3-0.4%. The efficacy of foliar fertilizer can last for at most 10 days, so it can be sprayed more according to the situation. In addition, the nutrient requirements of jujube trees are mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. Attention should be paid to supplementing calcium for jujube trees, especially for jujube trees during the fruiting period.
2. Management during the fruiting period.
Soil management: Loosen the soil in the tree basin; leave a small amount of grass under the tree, about 10CM-20CM, to maintain the soil moisture and prevent pests from climbing onto the tree.
Water and fertilizer management:
This stage should pay attention to the investment of farmyard manure. Fruits are about "half a kilogram of fruit and half a kilogram of fertilizer," and the investment of farmyard manure is directly related to whether the fruit trees can grow strong and the quality of the fruit. Farmyard manure can greatly improve land fertility and soil conditions. In our local area, the order of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in base fertilizer from high to low is cottonseed cake-chicken manure-sheep manure-pig manure-cow manure. Everyone can choose according to their actual conditions. The application of farmyard manure generally adopts the ditch application method. Dig an arc-shaped ditch with a depth and width of 40CM on one side or both sides of the projection of the jujube tree crown, and after burying the fertilizer, cover it with soil. Some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can also be applied on the surface of farmyard manure. The best time to use farmyard manure is in October. Applying farmyard manure at this time allows the fertilizer to decompose for a long time, and the roots of jujube trees have not stopped growing, which is beneficial to the utilization of fertilizer during the flowering period of the second year.
Jujube trees generally apply chemical fertilizer four times a year, which are the germination fertilizer in mid-to-late April, the flowering fertilizer in mid-to-late May, the young fruit fertilizer in late June and early July, and the fruit expansion fertilizer in early August. Nitrogen fertilizer should be mainly used in April and May, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be mainly used after June, with nitrogen fertilizer as a supplement. However, most jujube gardens now adopt the high-pressure drip irrigation method, which has high fertilizer utilization rate and quick fertilization effect, but the amount of fertilizer should be planned well. According to the number of plants per acre, apply 0.03~1.5 kilograms of urea, 0.01~0.7 kilograms of triple superphosphate, and 0.02~1 kilograms of potassium fertilizer per plant. Calculate the amount of fertilizer used, and it should be clear that the flowering and young fruit periods of jujube trees are the most concentrated periods of fertilizer use. The nutrient consumption of jujube trees is large, and if water and fertilizer cannot keep up, it is easy to cause flower and fruit drop. For drip irrigation jujube gardens, from the beginning of germination water, every irrigation should be accompanied by fertilizer application. The amount of fertilizer should start from the beginning of April, increase from low to high, reach the highest from the end of May to the beginning of July, and gradually decrease to the lowest in early September. However, the total amount of fertilizer should be controlled well to avoid unnecessary additional investment and waste.
Use of foliar fertilizer for jujube trees. Foliar fertilizer has the advantages of saving fertilizer, quick effect, and supplementing what is lacking. The use of foliar fertilizer can be combined with the spraying of pesticides for jujube trees to save labor. Nitrogen fertilizer should be mainly used in May and June, mainly urea. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be mainly used in July and August, mainly monopotassium phosphate and potassium chloride. One point that is often forgotten in the use of foliar fertilizer for jujube trees is the supplementation of calcium fertilizer. Currently, there are many types of calcium fertilizers on the market, and it is relatively easy to choose. When using foliar fertilizer, we must always remember to buy the most suitable one, not the most expensive one. Because the most expensive one is not necessarily the one with the best effect. (Note: The concentration of calcium treasure, Jinpeng liquid, and flower fruit spirit is 0.08~0.1%.) Attention should be paid to the use of boron fertilizer and rare earth trace element fertilizer in addition to nitrogen fertilizer during the flowering period of jujube trees to increase the fruit setting rate.
3. Management during the flowering period.
The quality of jujube garden management during the flowering period is directly related to the yield, which can be said to be a key period in the management of jujube trees. To do well in the management during the flowering period, it is necessary to understand some growth characteristics of jujube trees during the flowering period. Jujube trees drop flowers, accounting for 97-99% of the total flower amount, and the natural fruit setting rate is only 0.6-1.2%, which is even worse after tree aging. Jujube flowers are sensitive to air humidity, soil moisture, dry hot winds, sand storms, and dust, and the conditions in these aspects in Xinjiang are not very good. Therefore, in order to improve the fruit setting rate of jujube trees, we must grasp the following key points. Firstly, we need to understand that jujube trees look at hormones during the flowering period and look at fertilizers during the fruiting period. Its meaning is that the amount of hormones during the flowering period is directly related to the percentage of natural pollination of jujube flowers, and the amount of fruits set during the fruiting period is directly related to the amount of fertilization. Secondly, we need to understand the principle of concentrating nutrients. Use fertilizer where it is most needed. Thirdly, we need to understand that fine and meticulous management can produce high yields. During the flowering period, we need to concentrate labor to do the most needed things.
Measures to protect flowers and fruits: 1. Bud removal. Remove useless jujube shoots. 2. Pruning. Thin out the crowded young branches in the middle, and only when the branches are sparse can red jujubes be full of strings, and the crowded branches will be empty. 3. Heart removal and twig twisting. Retain 6-7 secondary branches for heart removal in branches with development space, and retain 2-3 secondary branches for heart removal in branches without development space. There is no particularly strong regulation for this, and some people do it according to the methods in the book, but they do not combine their own tree vigor, often resulting in fruitless efforts. If the tree vigor is strong, you will all remove the heart, which often causes confusion in the tree vigor. If the tree vigor is weak, you retain too many secondary branches, and the fruit setting situation may not be ideal. Jujube trees are different from fragrant pears. Fragrant pears produce more fruit when the tree vigor is weaker, while jujube trees are just the opposite. Jujube trees produce more fruit when the control is good. 4. Branch pulling. Flatten the fruiting branches, which can be used by small households. The principle of action will not be explained here, and friends with a foundation already know. For the branches on the back, you can twist the branches from the base when they are half lignified, and the branches treated with twisting have a good fruit setting effect. 5. Use of growth regulators. Growth regulators can only be used on mature trees. Gibberellin, paclobutrazol, and leaf surface preservation all contain inhibitory ingredients, and spraying on young trees will affect growth. I will mainly talk about the use of gibberellin. The effect of spraying gibberellin during the flowering period is very significant. Mix 100 milliliters of gibberellin with one ton of water and spray it during the full flowering period to increase the fruit setting rate by more than one time. Gibberellin can promote pollen germination, pollen tube elongation, and accelerate cell division speed. In addition to using gibberellin during the flowering period, it can also be used during the young fruit period and fruit expansion period. However, in order to prevent the occurrence of phytotoxicity, we can halve the amount of gibberellin, which can not only increase the yield but also ensure that the tree vigor does not weaken. These are some experiences I gradually explored in management, and the effect is very good. Friends with different opinions can also leave a message, and we can discuss each other's views. 6. Supplementation of trace elements. I have mentioned the use of boron fertilizer and rare earth before, so I won't go into details here. 7. Girdling. Start from 15CM above the ground, increase by 5CM every year and girdle upwards to the main branches. Repeat this cycle. In girdling, I need to emphasize five points: Firstly, the width of girdling should not exceed half a centimeter, otherwise, it is not easy to heal. You can consciously leave some phloem when girdling to speed up healing. After girdling, insecticides should be applied. Secondly, after girdling, attention should be paid to strengthening fertilizer and water to promote healing. Thirdly, girdling should be done on trees with a diameter of more than 10CM, and I do not advocate girdling on young trees, as its side effects on weakening tree vigor are still relatively obvious, and we cannot be too superficial. Fourthly, for dense planting gardens, part of the small trees can be girdled in a planned manner, which can not only increase the yield but also cultivate jujube trees to be left in the future. Fifthly, attention should be paid to the timing of girdling. It is best to have about 30% of the flowers, and it can be appropriately advanced for large areas. 8. Jujube grinding. It is more commonly used by small households, and I have used