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Tremella, also known as white fungus, white earlet, etc., belongs to the tremella family, tremella genus. Tremella has delicate and smooth texture, unique flavor, and rich nutrition. It is a rare edible fungus that can be used as both food and medicine. The fruit body of tremella not only contains various amino acids, organic phosphorus, organic iron and other nutrients, but also rich in acidic heteropolysaccharides, which can enhance the body's immunity and has significant therapeutic effects on chronic bronchitis, pulmonary heart disease, neurasthenia, cold cough, asthma, and deficiency of Qi. The editor will introduce the morphological characteristics of tremella, main cultivation varieties, and the management methods of bag cultivation of tremella:
I. Morphological characteristics of tremella;
1.
(1) Mycelium; The mycelium of tremella is actually a mixed fungus composed of tremella mycelium and Xiangfei mycelium. Xianghui mycelium grows vigorously and can decompose cellulose, lignin, starch, etc. that cannot be utilized by tremella mycelium into usable nutrients, which is a necessary living condition for the growth and propagation of tremella mycelium. The tremella mycelium is white, light yellow, or various intermediate colors mixed with yellow and white, forming mycelial clusters on the surface of the cultivation medium and gradually becoming small earlets through gelatinization.
(2) Fruiting body; Fresh ear bases are milky yellow or brownish yellow, earlets are white, gelatinous, transparent, soft, and elastic, resembling chrysanthemum or cockscomb. The diameter of earlets is 5 to 10 cm, shrinking to 1/10 to 1/20 of the original size, and can return to the original state after absorbing water.
2. Growth and development conditions;
(1) Temperature; Tremella is a mesophilic fungus. The mycelium, spores, and Xianghui mycelium of tremella can grow in an environment of 5 to 32°C, with the optimal growth temperature range being 25 to 30°C. above 35°C, the mycelium grows poorly, above 38°C, growth stops, and above 39°C, it dies. The optimal temperature range for the formation of fruiting bodies is 18 to 25°C, with the most suitable range being 23 to 25°C.
(2) Humidity; After the spores of tremella and Xianghui mycelium combine, they can only grow and develop normally under the condition of suitable water content in the culture medium. The water content should generally be maintained at 55 to 60% for low water consumption, and it is prone torotten ears when the water consumption exceeds 65%. When growing on high-quality substrates, the mycelium is less branched, does not form fluffy mycelium, and gradually ages and dies. The relative humidity of the air has a significant impact on the growth and development of tremella. During the mycelium growth stage, when the relative humidity of the air is below 70%, it is beneficial to improve the purity of the mycelium and control the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. During the ear formation stage, the relative humidity of the air should be maintained at 90 to 95%, which is conducive to the rapid growth of earlets.
(3) Air; Tremella is a obligate aerobe. Less oxygen is required during the mycelium growth stage, while more oxygen is required during the ear formation stage. If there is insufficient oxygen, the fruiting body is prone to disintegration and has poor color and quality. Therefore, during the growth period of the fruiting body, it is necessary to ventilate and replace air frequently to preventrotten ears and infection with miscellaneous bacteria.
(4) Light; Light can promote spore germination and Xianghui mycelium growth. The germination rate of spores in a bright greenhouse is more than twice that in the dark. Xianghui mycelium grown in the dark is thin and has few black-brown secretions. In a scattered light environment, the mycelium is robust and secretions are normal. When the light intensity is 50 lux, the fruiting body develops normally. In low light, fruiting body differentiation is slow and of poor quality, and in complete darkness, the fruiting body cannot form.
(5) pH value; Tremella grows well in slightly acidic culture medium, with a pH value of 5 to 7.2 being able to grow normally, and the most suitable pH value being 5 to 6.
II. Production time and cultivation site;
Tremella is a mesophilic fungus, with the growth temperature of the fruiting body being 18 to 25°C, and the most suitable temperature range being 20 to 25°C. When the temperature is below 18°C, the fruiting body develops slowly, and when the temperature is above 28°C, the ear base is prone torotten. Therefore, cultivation is carried out from March to May in spring and from April to June in indoor cultivation. The cultivation period is about 35 to 55 days, and it can be harvested 1 to 2 times. In autumn, the菌 bags are prepared from the end of August to early September and the ears are harvested from October to November.
Artificial cultivation of tremella can use steel pipe greenhouses in vegetable protected areas, with different temperatures and the use of plastic film, shading nets, and straw curtains to regulate the temperature of the mushroom shed. When the temperature in the shed is low, a shading net and agricultural film can be used to cover, and two layers of shading net can block direct sunlight. When the temperature is high, a shading net and straw curtain can be used to regulate.
For indoor cultivation in mushroom houses,香菇, mushrooms, and tremella can be cultivated in the same room. The mushroom house should have good sealing properties, be conducive to keeping warm and moisturizing, have windows for ventilation, and have a certain amount of scattered light. Before use, the mushroom house should be strictly disinfected.
III. Cultivation materials;
The main raw material for artificial cultivation of tremella accounts for about 75% of the cultivation material, while the auxiliary materials account for 25%. The main raw materials commonly used are wood chips and cottonseed hulls, while the auxiliary materials include sugar, gypsum, calcium superphosphate, soybean meal, etc. Common formulas for cultivation materials include:
1. Broad-leaf wood chips 78%, rice bran 20%, gypsum 1%, sucrose 1%, vitamin B1 10 ml per kilogram of dry material;
2. Cottonseed hulls 74%, bran 20%, soybean meal 2%, gypsum 2%, sucrose 1%, magnesium sulfate 1%;
3. Wood chips 78%, bran 10%, rice bran 10%, sucrose 1%, gypsum 1%;
4. Cottonseed hulls 78%, bran 20%, sucrose and calcium carbonate 1% each;
5. Miscellaneous wood chips 80%, cottonseed hulls 18%, sucrose and gypsum 1% each;
6. Wood chips 80%, cottonseed hulls 17%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and gypsum 1% each, magnesium sulfate and ferrous sulfate 0.5% each.
How to plant tremella
IV. Bag cultivation management methods of tremella;
1. Preparation of菌 bags; Infant bags can use polypropylene tubes with a width of 15 cm, length of 30 cm, and thickness of 0.5 cm. Before filling, fold the bottom two corners into a square shape. When the material surface is 5 cm away from the bag opening, level the material surface, and then apply a mirror ring and cotton plug to the bag opening. The advantage of this short bag cultivation is that it saves material and costs. After filling, the bag can stand upright without falling over, saving operations such as sleeve fitting during the ear formation period, with good moisture retention properties and wide mouth for good aeration, resulting in large and uniform fruiting bodies.
After the cultivation material is filled into the bag, it should be sterilized immediately in a pot and not left overnight. The bags should be stacked in a cross shape to ensure uniform heating. Sterilization should be maintained at 90 to 100°C for 8 hours.
2. Inoculation; Inoculation is performed in an inoculation box or room following the aseptic inoculation procedure. First, use an inoculation knife to scrape off the layer of tremella primordium on the surface of the material, loosen and mix the mycelium around the primordium within a 3 cm range, tear off the sealed adhesive tape, dig out a piece of inoculum the size of a broad bean with an inoculation spoon, quickly place it in the inoculation hole, and then cover it with adhesive tape. After inoculation, move the bags to the culture room, stack them in a cross shape with the inoculation side facing up to propagate the mycelium.
3. Mycelium growth stage management;
Three to five days after inoculation, the temperature in the culture room should be maintained at 25 to 28°C, and the material temperature should be 2 to 3°C lower than the room temperature to allow the Xianghui mycelium to recover quickly and cover the inoculation hole as soon as possible, preventing the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria. After five days, the metabolic activity of the mycelium gradually increases, producing some heat. At this time, the material temperature is 2 to 4°C higher than the room temperature. The temperature in the culture room should be reduced to 20 to 25°C to promote the growth and development of the tremella mycelium. To maintain the temperature in the room, it is only necessary to ventilate slightly at noon. About 11 days after inoculation, the clear radiation-like mycelium rings appear, and sometimes the adhesive tape can be torn open at the corner to increase ventilation. With sufficient oxygen, the mycelium grows faster, and the relative humidity in the room during the mycelium culture stage should be maintained at around 50%, with weak light being suitable.
4. Ear formation stage management; About 15 days after inoculation, when the mycelium between the inoculation holes has connected and black spots appear, the bags can be moved to the mushroom house with the inoculation holes facing up and placed on the shelves with a 2 cm spacing between bags. The temperature in the mushroom house should be maintained at 25 to 30°C, and the relative humidity should be controlled at 80 to 85% with some scattered light. Under suitable environmental conditions, the metabolism of the mycelium accelerates, resulting in yellow water secretion from the inoculation holes. If yellow water is found, it should be drained or absorbed with a tissue or cotton swab in time to prevent it from affecting the ear formation rate or causingrotten holes.
When small ear buds in the shape of broken rice form in the inoculation holes, the adhesive tape must be completely removed, and a sharp knife should be used to cut the plastic film 1 cm away from the edge of the hole to expand the hole diameter and increase the ventilation of the hole to promote the development of the fruiting body. A black shading net can be covered on the bag surface, and the spray can be directly sprayed on the shading net. The material surface should be sprayed less frequently to prevent water from flowing into the hole and causingrotten ears.
When the young ears enter the growth stage, the air humidity should be maintained at 90% to 95%. If the air humidity is below 85%, the ears will turn yellow, and if it is above 95%,rotten ears will occur. During the entire growth and development stage of the fruiting body, it is necessary to pay attention to strengthening ventilation and air exchange to improve the disease resistance of the fruiting body. Every 3 to 4 days, the shading net should be lifted for ventilation for 2 to 3 hours, and then covered and sprayed with water to keep the ears moist. After each spray, the room should be ventilated for 10 to 20 minutes before closing the door.
5. Harvesting; It takes about 12 to 18 days for tremella to grow from ear formation to harvest. When the earlets are fully expanded with a diameter of 8 to 12 cm, feel elastic, and appear white and semi-transparent, they should be harvested in time. Carefully cut the mature ear base with a knife, leaving the orange ear root, and remove impurities from the ear base. Trim the ear root into a semicircle to facilitate regeneration. Be careful not to damage the shape of the ear. After harvesting, the tremella should be placed in a clean bamboo sieve coated with vegetable oil to dry. Under normal circumstances, it is usually baked with charcoal fire or dried with a dehydrator to become a dried product.
Five to ten days before harvesting tremella, the number of water sprays should be gradually reduced, and ventilation should be increased. The relative humidity in the room should be reduced to around 80% to improve the quality of tremella and the dehydration and drying after harvest.
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