Key points of apple planting and management technology
Apple is the main economic crop in my country, and its cultivation technology directly affects fruit quality and yield. This paper systematically analyzes the entire process of technical specifications from variety selection to orchard management, and cooperates with the schematic diagram of the crop growth cycle to help fruit farmers master scientific planting methods. 1. Apple orchard construction plan 1.1 Screening of high-quality varieties, mainstream varieties such as Red Fuji and New Red Star account for more than 65%. Hanxiang/Hanfu is suitable for planting in low-temperature areas of-25℃. It is recommended to combine the local accumulated temperature (>2000℃) and altitude (800-1200 meters best), and mix early, middle and late-maturing varieties in a ratio of 3:5:2. 1.2 The scientific dense planting plan uses a row spacing of 4×5 meters for the arbor rootstocks, and the dwarf rootstocks can be densified to 3×3 meters. Dense planting gardens need to cooperate with V-shaped pruning to ensure that the light transmittance of the crown is greater than 30%. 2. Orchard soil management 2.1 Soil improvement technology Deep ploughing 60cm before planting, and mixed with 45 tons of decomposed organic fertilizer +1.5 tons of calcium superphosphate per hectare. Sandy loam soil is mixed with clay in a ratio of 3:1, and clay soil is mixed with 40% river sand to improve air permeability. 2.2 During the growth period, soil maintenance is carried out to plant white clover with inter-row grass method, and in September is combined with applying base fertilizer in autumn. Every autumn after falling leaves, the entire garden is turned 20cm deep, and lime is applied to adjust the pH value to 6.0-6.5. 3. Collaborative management of water and fertilizer 3.1 The precise fertilization plan adopts the "three-fertilizer relay" model: nitrogen fertilizer (urea 0.5kg/plant) is applied before germination, potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate 1.2kg/plant) is supplemented during fruit expansion period, and organic fertilizer (30kg/plant) is applied after fruit picking. The fertilization depth in the annular ditch is maintained at 20-40cm. 3.2 Water-saving irrigation systems promote drip irrigation technology, maintaining soil moisture at 70% during flowering and reducing it to 55% during hard core periods. Supporting reservoirs will be built to ensure an annual water supply of 300-400m³ per mu. 4. Tree body shaping and pruning 4.1 The shaping and pruning of young trees adopts spindle pruning, retaining 8-12 main branches and opening angles of 70-80°. When the new shoots grow to 40cm, they are picked and combined with branch pulling culture to produce branch groups. 4.2 During the peak fruiting period, winter pruning is carried out to remove competitive branches and overly dense auxiliary branches, and the spacing between leaf curtain layers is maintained at 80cm. Summer pruning uses tip twisting and ring cutting techniques to control vigorous growth and promote flower bud differentiation. 5. Green prevention and control of pests and diseases implements the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", hangs trap lights (30 lights/ha) and releases Trichogramma bees (150,000 heads/ha). Focus on preventing and controlling ring rot after flowering and before bagging, and use 800 times liquid spray of thiophanate-methyl.
Through systematic implementation of key technologies such as variety selection, soil improvement, water and fertilizer regulation, and tree pruning, combined with visual cultivation map guidance, the excellent fruit rate in the orchard can be increased to more than 85%. It is recommended to establish production management files to achieve traceability throughout apple planting.