High-efficiency Management Methods for Grape Seedlings After Planting
Let's talk about some small knowledge of high-efficiency management methods for grape seedlings after planting. Please see the detailed introduction below.
High-efficiency Management Methods for Grape Seedlings After Planting
The management of grape seedlings in the first year after planting is very important, as it will affect the yield and quality of the grape seedlings. Therefore, growers can manage from three aspects: tree vigor cultivation, bud differentiation, and winter pruning.
Cultivating Good Tree Vigor
When harvesting grapes in winter, the main stem diameter should be more than 2 centimeters, the main vine diameter should be about 0.9 centimeters, not too thick (over 1 centimeter), and not too thin (under 0.8 centimeters). The tree should grow uniformly for the second year to bear fruit. To promote the growth of grapes, good water and fertilizer management must be done.
① Fertilizer and water promote growth, prevent fertilizer and water damage
Fertilization management: 15-20 days after the grape seedlings sprout, the tender branches grow to 6-8 leaves, tendrils have grown out, and growth is normal before topdressing. To promote the early formation of the plant, nitrogen fertilizer should be mainly supplied in the early stage, combined with a humic acid water-soluble fertilizer (root application type) at a concentration of 300-500 times, once every 10-15 days.
In the later growth stage, to increase the nutritional accumulation of the plant, increase the roots, fill the main stem, and improve the lignification of the branches, growth should be controlled. At this stage, nitrogen supply should be stopped, root-applied phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and foliarly applied with an 800-fold phosphorus and potassium fertilizer source library.
Water management: Water is more effective than fertilizer in promoting seedling growth. After watering the grape seedlings, the seedlings can be adjusted appropriately to force the roots to absorb water. When the new shoots grow to 10-20 cm, water every half month. When the new shoots grow to 30-40 cm, water every 20 days to keep the soil moist. Do not water when the soil moisture is good. In the later growth stage, reduce the frequency and amount of watering, or even stop watering.
Soil management: Use black plastic film or garden cloth to cover, retain moisture, increase soil temperature, inhibit weeds, and promote rapid growth of grapes. Remove the plastic film when applying base fertilizer in November.
Prohibit intercropping and weeding. The grape trellis should be set up in time to guide the main vines to grow.
② Disease and Pest Control
Diseases and pests can affect tree growth, so disease and pest control should be done, mainly preventing black spot and downy mildew. In protected cropping areas, protective cropping greenhouses should be built as soon as possible. Before the grapes sprout, cover the grapes with old film. As long as the grape vines and leaves are not wet by rain, remove the film in October. Before planting grape seedlings in the open field, soak the branches and grape vines in a 5-degree Baume sulfur mixture, taking care not to soak the roots. Killing the pathogens on the seedlings can reduce the incidence of disease.
Notes: 1. Pay attention to the combined use of therapeutic agents and protectants when diseases are found; ② Downy mildew should be concentrated on the back of the leaves; when spraying, add an 800-fold phosphorus and potassium source pool solution or an 800-fold Hyacinth biological stimulant (foliar type) solution to enhance tree vigor and photosynthesis.
Promoting Bud Differentiation
① Main Grape Cultivation
Grape main vine cultivation usually adopts single trunk, four main vines, or two main vines.
Single trunk cultivation: When the new shoots grow to about 20 centimeters, select a strong new shoot as the main trunk and remove the rest, removing all secondary branches from the main trunk in batches.
Four main grape cultivation: In the southern part of China, medium to strong-growing varieties can be cultivated. When the new shoots grow to about 30 centimeters below the trellis surface (the bottom of the wire), cut at about 40 centimeters below the trellis surface; four main grape vines are formed by cutting two branches below the framework surface at about 10 centimeters from the top and 20 centimeters below the framework surface.
Cultivation of two main grape varieties: Varieties such as Victoria, Hongshuangwei, Jinzhi, and Heibala that are relatively weak in the south should be cultivated as two main grape varieties. When the new shoots grow to about 20 cm below the trellis surface, cut the new shoots at 30 cm below the trellis surface, and the top two lateral branches are the two main vines. In the northern black film ridge grape gardens, most varieties can be planted as two main grape varieties, which is beneficial for increasing production in the second year.
② Main Vine Secondary Branch Management
The tree grows at a moderate speed, and the secondary branches are eliminated in batches. If the tree grows fast, with proper control of fertilizer and water, 5 leaves can be left for pruning on lateral branches with more than 12 leaves. Special attention should be paid to the interval between the cutting of tender branches and the secondary cutting of tender branches, which should be more than 5 days, otherwise, it will promote the germination of winter buds.
When the main vine grows to 18-24 leaves, the top new shoot is left with about 5 leaves and not allowed to grow. The "6 6 6" cutting method is used to cultivate 4 main vines or 2 main vines in 3 stages.
The shortest of the four main vines is cut at 7 leaves for the first time, all at 6 leaf nodes. The second and third cutting methods are the same as the first.
For example, the growth speed of several main grape trees is completely different. When the faster-growing tender branches grow to 8-9 leaves, leave 6 leaves to cut the tender branches, and when the slower-growing tender branches grow to 6 leaves, pinch the top.
③ Classification Cultivation
Different growth rates of grape gardens will show rapid-growing seedlings, stable-growing seedlings, slow-growing seedlings, and individual stopped seedlings. Classification cultivation can be achieved by adjusting fertilizer and water management and increasing or decreasing the number of main vines.
For rapid-growing seedlings, appropriately control fertilization and water, add 1-2 main vines to slow down the growth rate; stable seedlings are managed according to conventional cultivation methods. For slow-growing seedlings, reduce 1-2 main vines, increase the frequency of fertilization and water supply, promote seedling growth, and pay attention to not arbitrarily increasing the fertilizer concentration to avoid fertilizer damage.
When tendrils begin to appear, apply low-concentration nitrogen fertilizer, perform single main cultivation, and pinch the fruiting mother branches with "6 6" to promote fruiting the following year.
④ Protecting Autumn Leaves
For varieties with poor bud differentiation, if early defoliation occurs in autumn due to downy mildew and other reasons, it will affect bud differentiation, and the flowers will become fewer and fewer the following year. If defoliation is very early, there will be no flowers the following year.
Even for flowering varieties, early defoliation in autumn can lead to smaller flower buds the following year, affecting yield.
Therefore, in autumn, serious control of downy mildew is necessary. If there is drought in autumn, appropriate watering and protecting autumn leaves are key measures to ensure more and larger flowers the following year.
Winter Pruning
In the south of China, the period for winter pruning of grapes is from "Winter Solstice" to the following January. For early mature cultivation in greenhouses, winter pruning should be done before covering with plastic film. If the leaves have not fallen, pruning can be done with leaves.
Main vines should be selected with a diameter of 0.9-1.0 cm mature branches; tender branches less than 0.8 cm in diameter, unripe tender branches, and diseased tender branches are cut.
When pruning in winter, the main vines are bent and tied in reverse.
The scissors for super-thick branches should not exceed 1 cm, and the main vines should not be too long, to increase the bending curve.
Leave a gap of 10-20 centimeters between two plants, and the main vines should not touch each other. When pruning the cross frame in winter, cut the main vine at 5-6 buds on the top surface of the frame, and the cut of the super-thick branch should not exceed 1 cm. If too long, the main vine should be bent and tied in reverse.
In winter pruning, cut the small branches to a diameter of 0.8 cm and then re-grow straight stems.
By doing a good job in tree vigor cultivation, bud differentiation, and winter pruning management, grapes can bear early, more, and better fruit the following year.
The above is the specific content of high-efficiency management methods for grape seedlings after planting. If it can help you, remember to visit the website often!