Classification of succulent plant Macarina
For many girls, the following is a detailed introduction to the classification of succulent plants.
Mottled brocade is a kind of chimera, that is, different cells are mixed on a plant. The chimera of brocade cells, abnormal cells and green cells, normal cells are mixed together in a relatively orderly manner. Characteristics different from any plant pattern and plant type we know.
Therefore, there are many variants of the spotted brocade plant, coupled with competition between different cells, which leads to the unbalanced growth of the spotted brocade. Only a superior environment and superb cultivation skills can ensure that the brocade remains at its peak for a long time.
Spotted brocade involves two levels of issues: the cell level and the tissue level. Cells constitute tissue, namely,"formation of brocade cells" and "mottled brocade mosaic". The formation of brocade cells is the prerequisite and foundation of the spotted brocade. With brocade cells, it may not be a beautiful spotted brocade. It must also be properly arranged between these brocade cells and normal cells to become a beautiful spotted brocade plant.
Two classifications can be derived from the perspective of formation of brocade cells: formation mechanism classification and spotted brocade color classification; from the perspective of mosaic, one classification can be derived: mosaic classification; from the perspective of acquisition, a fourth classification can be derived.
1. From the formation mechanism of spotted brocade, it can be divided into: Mendelian inheritance and cytoplasmic inheritance. The root cause of the formation of Mendelian inherited brocade, or brocade, lies in the damage to nuclear DNA. Nuclear DNA can express a variety of enzymes that control the pigment synthesis process, including synthetic modification enzymes, kinases, etc. Among them, farnesyl transferase is a very important type of enzyme, which plays a decisive role in regulating the synthesis and allosteric of chlorophyll. Therefore, the lack of control of this type of enzyme will directly lead to chlorophyll synthesis obstacles, and even the synthesis of abnormal chlorophyll, which is not green. However, it can produce electron transfer similar to photosynthesis, which will lay the foundation for the future cultivation of non-green autotrophic brocade, and is also an important mechanism for the formation of rainbow brocade. Such Mendelian brocade can be stably passed down after hybridization. To the offspring, it is inherited by both parents, that is, as long as either parent is a brocade. The genetic laws abide by the three laws of classical genetics: gene separation rate, free combination law and linkage exchange law. The genetic model may differ in genes related to different synthesis-related enzymes. There are also problems of dominance and invisibility. Almost most of the control genes for the macula core are invisibility.
Cytoplasmic genetic model: This type of spotted brocade cells has no nuclear DNA damage, only chloroplast DNA damage or uneven chloroplast distribution, which leads to obstacles in the initial synthesis of chlorophyll, and chlorophyll cannot be synthesized at all by modification of porphyrin rings. Therefore, this kind of spotted brocade usually appears as yellow and white brocade. Due to low photosynthesis, the resistance is usually poor. This type of spotted brocade mainly appears in cultures related to cell division, such as large-scale tissue culture. Its genetic model strictly follows the maternal inheritance, that is, only spotted brocade as the female parent can it be possible to obtain spotted brocade progeny, and the proportion of spotted brocade progeny is not fixed. The rule is random.
2. Classified from the color of the spotted brocade, it can be divided into: red, yellow, and white, including the color changes. Red brocade is mainly formed of carotene, carotenoid and anthocyanin pigments, which can slightly compensate for the photosynthesis of chlorophyll, so plant stability and strength are the best; yellow brocade is mainly composed of lutein and transitional carotene, and its photosynthetic ability is almost zero, so it is inferior to red brocade; white brocade completely loses all pigments, so it is the worst compared to red and yellow brocade. Under certain conditions,"multicolored brocade" with multiple colors appearing together can also be obtained. Generally, it is rare in nature. The red leaf phenomenon can intersect with the spotted brocade, that is, some brocade can be induced and strengthened by ultraviolet light, making the yellow brocade turn into red brocade, which is worth noting.
3. Classification based on mottled brocade mosaic, it can be divided into: regular mosaic and irregular mosaic.
Regular chimeras: overleaf, middle spot, inner brocade, paste spot, and amber spot; irregular chimeras are the mottled brocade we often see, and are divided into "mottled","brocade", and "extreme mottled" due to different degrees of mosaic. There are many language descriptions for several types of mottled brocade ", which indicate the quality of mottled brocade. Generally, the denser the brocade and green crisscross, the higher the degree of mosaic, the higher the quality of mottled brocade.
4. Ways to obtain: Everyone knows that different cultivation models can obtain different spotted brocade, such as seedling growth, asexual reproduction, tissue culture and genetic engineering of mother plants with the potential of spotted brocade. From the source, we can divide it into "split brocade","spontaneous brocade" and "highly stable spotted brocade". A division brocade is when a cell divides, the chloroplasts or plastids are unevenly distributed into two daughter cells. One cell forms a spotted brocade and the other is green. The formation of this mottled brocade accounts for almost 80% of what we see. Almost all of the obtained asexual reproduction belongs to this mottled brocade. Due to the unbalanced cell division and the dual genetic model dominated by cytoplasmic inheritance, the formation mechanism of mosaic separation is often prone to occur, which is manifested as what we call instability.
Spontaneous brocade generally refers to the genetically altered brocade of seedlings during the embryonic stage. Due to the existence of a single brocade formation mechanism, this kind of brocade is relatively stable and difficult to separate, and can present a good brocade state for a long time.
High-steady state mottled brocade, which is quite rare in nature, generally refers to the existence form in which brocade cells and green cells coexist peacefully and do not invade each other. Its foundation must be the hormone tolerance, photosynthetic efficiency and nutritional status of the brocade cells. The state is almost normal, so it must be an abnormal chlorophyll allosteric rather than a synthetic abnormality. This kind of mottled brocade is highly stable, has almost no separation of mosaic, and has strong genetic ability, but I am afraid it can only be obtained through genetic engineering.
Paste is a kind of brocade with balanced cell distribution. There are two main forms: intra-distributed paste and fused paste. The internal distribution of paste spots is the characteristic of the migration of brocade cells to the outer side of the epidermis, the migration of green cells to the inner side of the leaf epidermis, and the penetration of green inside and outside the window of brocade outside the window. Because the hormone responses and nutritional states inside and outside the leaf epidermis are different, it just provides different cells with the most suitable "homing" direction, so living peacefully forms paste spots; Confluent paste spots show the intersection color of yellow but not yellow, green but not green. This kind of cell actually has a fused arrangement of brocade cells and green cells at the cell level. Each green cell supports another brocade cell. Therefore, peaceful coexistence forms paste spots. Therefore, the paste patch is a "stable island" of mosaic separation, and therefore it is also one of the outcomes of the patina brocade. Because this outcome is highly stable, it is also a form of patina brocade with higher value.
Generally speaking, as the brocade grows, the chimeric cells will slowly separate to finally achieve balance. Therefore, any spotted brocade plant will only have three endings: full brocade, full green and paste.
Spotted brocade is an issue that I have been paying attention to and studying for more than ten years since 1996. The appearance of red turnip 10 years ago caused me to question the fact that spotted brocade belongs to cytoplasmic inheritance and maternal inheritance in textbooks. Later, I observed the formation of Doudou, peony, fish, raw stone flowers and twelve volumes of spotted brocade, and used cell and molecular platforms to explore the formation mechanism and mosaic process of spotted brocade. I am very fortunate that a key synthetic enzyme that controls the formation of patina was discovered 3-4 years ago, and embryoid bodies were used to observe and understand the relationship between patina cell balance and chimerism, and the concept of "chimerism" was proposed. Based on these findings, it is hoped to establish a method for inducing patina with high chimerism based on pseudoviruses. Although there are still many problems that have not been solved, as long as we continue to understand the mechanism in depth, I believe that there will always be corresponding technology to obtain the brocade of our dreams. This is the charm of science. Although the road ahead is long and difficult, but the light will always guide people forward.
The above is a full introduction to the classification of succulent plant brocade for everyone to learn and understand!