Balcony Vegetable Gardening Formula Fertilization Techniques
Core Introduction to the Main Text: Small experiences with fruits and vegetables, balcony vegetable gardening formula fertilization techniques, the following site editor will introduce to netizens.
(I) Several Basic Laws of Fertilization
1. The Law of Complete Return of Nutrients. Crops absorb various nutrients from the soil during growth and development. To maintain soil fertility, it is necessary to return the absorbed nutrients to the soil through fertilization; otherwise, soil fertility will decline. Vegetables are high-yield crops with high multiple cropping indexes, absorbing a large amount of nutrients from the soil every year. It is necessary to supplement them in time, such as cucumbers and eggplants, with yields of more than 10,000 jin per mu.
2. The Law of Minimum Nutrient. That is, the yield of crops is determined by the nutrient that is most insufficient in the soil for the crop's needs, which is the minimum nutrient. It cannot be supplemented by other nutrients and is also called the bucket law.
3. The Law of Equal Importance. Crops require 17 nutrients, which are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, chlorine, and silicon. These nutrients play an equally important role in the growth and development of crops, only differing in the amount required.
4. The Law of Irreplaceability. If a crop is deficient in any of the required nutrients, it cannot be replaced by other elements. For example, if there is a lack of phosphorus, it cannot be replaced by nitrogen or potassium or other nutrients.
5. The Law of Diminishing Returns. When the amount of fertilizer increases by stages, the yield of crops does not increase linearly with the increase in fertilizer. It can only increase gradually in the form of a parabola. Therefore, the yield of crops per unit of fertilizer decreases by stages, and even causes a reduction in yield after exceeding a certain amount.
(II) Fertilization (Nutritional) Characteristics of Vegetable Crops
1. High demand for fertilizers. They are fertilization-loving crops, several times to more than ten times that of general field crops such as grains.
2. Strong fertilizer absorption capacity. It is mainly due to the high cation exchange capacity of their roots.
3. High absorption of calcium, a calcium-loving crop. The lack of calcium in tomatoes causes blossom-end rot, and the lack of calcium in Chinese cabbages and kale causes physiological diseases such as "dry heart" and "dry edge". The soil in Lipu has a high calcium content.
4. A preference for nitrate nitrogen. Most crops can use nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen, but vegetables prefer to absorb nitrate nitrogen. In the case of excessive ammonium nitrogen, ammonium poisoning can occur. The ratio of NO3- N to NH4- N is 9:1 to 7:3, with 5:5 as the boundary. Ammonium N exists in the form of ammonium ions, which is easily absorbed by soil colloids and therefore not easily lost, providing a longer-term fertilizer effect. It can be used as top dressing or base dressing. Ammonium nitrogen can gradually be converted to nitrate N under good aeration conditions, known as nitrifying crops, which is beneficial for crop absorption. Nitrate N exists in the form of nitrate ions and cannot be absorbed by soil colloids, easily lost, and in compacted soil with poor drainage, ammonium N is not easily converted to nitrate N, resulting in less absorption by vegetables. Meanwhile, existing nitrate N is easily subject to denitrification, forming N2 and losing fertilizer efficiency.
5. High boron content in the body, a boron-loving crop. It is generally several to dozens of times that of grain crops. If boron is deficient, it can lead to physiological diseases such as celery stem splitting, kale brown rot, and萝卜 brown heart disease. Severe boron deficiency can also cause the death of the growing points or no apical buds, no flower buds in melon crops, etc.
6. High demand for soil organic matter content and good aeration.
(III) The Influence of External Environment on Vegetable Crop Absorption (S-Y)
1. Temperature.
2. Water. It should be moderate; drought is not conducive to decomposition and absorption, while waterlogging has poor aeration, making it difficult to decompose organic matter and reducing root absorption capacity.
3. pH Value. High alkalinity is not conducive to nutrient absorption, mainly because the availability of nutrients is reduced, generally a pH of 6-7 is suitable.
4. Aeration.
(IV) Main Vegetable Formula Fertilization
1. Leafy Vegetable Fertilization. Leafy vegetables are divided into two major categories: heading leafy vegetables and green leafy vegetables.
① Heading Leafy Vegetables: Including Chinese cabbages, kale, cauliflower, etc.
Chinese Cabbage: The N, P, K ratio varies during different growth stages. Generally, K > N > P, with a ratio of 2:1:5 (1:0.5:2.5) being appropriate. Fertilization techniques should master the proportion (formula). Generally, base fertilizer accounts for 30%, with 2 bags of special fertilizer per mu, using urea and sewage manure as seedling boosters 1-2 times during the seedling stage. After 8 leaves, enter the rosette stage, applying 1 bag of special fertilizer per mu. In the early heading stage, a heavy application of top dressing is required, applying 2 bags of special fertilizer per mu. Base fertilizer and the early stage are the periods for applying organic fertilizer. Generally, 6000 kg of Chinese cabbage per mu requires 12 kg of pure N, 5.4 kg of P2O5, and 24 kg of K2O, equivalent to 26 kg of urea, 2 bags of phosphorus, and 40 kg of potassium chloride, with 2g of N, 0.9g of P, and 4g of K per kg.
Kale: Generally, 1000 kg of yield requires 3 kg of N, 1 kg of P2O5, and 4 kg of K2O. If the yield per mu is 3000-4000 kg, it requires 9-12 kg of N, 3-4 kg of P2O5, and 12-16 kg of K2O, with a ratio of 1:0.33:1.33. The general fertilization method is: apply base fertilizer before transplanting, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers accounting for 50% of the total fertilizer amount and nitrogen fertilizers accounting for 30%; after transplanting to the heart leaf stage, a small amount of N fertilizer (10%) can be used to boost seedlings. After the heart leaves are closed, heavy fertilization is applied, with 60% nitrogen and 50% phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, using Jin Land base fertilizer 1 bag (40 kg) per mu. After transplanting, apply 5-10 kg per mu, divided into 2-3 applications of top dressing; after the heart is closed, apply 1 bag plus 10 kg of urea.
Cauliflower: Cauliflower is a variant of kale and is a high-nitrogen type of vegetable. Generally, 1000 kg of yield requires 11 kg of N, 2 kg of P2O5, and 5 kg of K2O. When potassium is deficient, blackheart disease can occur. Fertilization generally uses 1 bag of Jin Land base fertilizer and top dressing with N fertilizer, less in the early stage, and heavy after the formation of the curd, applying 20-30 kg of urea.
② Green Leafy Vegetables: Mainly including spinach, lettuce, celery, amaranth, water spinach, crown daisy, and pak Choi, etc. The characteristics of these vegetables are small individuals, shallow roots, short growth periods, fast growth rates, high density, and high requirements for soil and water. Generally, quick-acting fertilizers are used for top dressing, with small and frequent meals.
Spinach: Spinach prefers nitrate nitrogen and requires loose soil and good drainage. Use 1 bag of formula fertilizer per mu as base fertilizer, supplemented with an appropriate amount of organic residue soil fertilizer. After sowing, cover with a thin layer of soil and water with 1-2 times of decomposed human manure. Then apply 2-3 times of sewage manure mixed with urea 5-8 kg per mu. Stop fertilizing about 10 days before harvesting to ensure the appearance is hygienic. A ratio of N:P:K of 1:0.3:1.5 is more suitable, and spinach is not resistant to acidity.
Celery: Celery is a shallow-rooted crop with weak root absorption capacity, requiring fertile, loose soil rich in organic matter. Celery has a long growth period, so it is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer to continuously supply nutrients. Base fertilizer should be mainly decomposed organic fertilizer, supplemented with 1 bag of formula fertilizer per mu. During the peak growth period, apply 10-15 kg of urea per mu, with N:P:K at 1:0.5:2. If celery lacks calcium, the heart leaves can turn yellow and cause blackheart disease. If boron is deficient, the leaves will have green spots, the stems will become thick, the epidermis will have brown stripes, the leaf stalk surface will have horizontal cracks, and it will break and the tissue will curl outward, which is called "stem splitting disease", the roots will weaken, and lateral roots will die.
Lettuce: There are two types of lettuce, leaf lettuce, and stem lettuce. Leaf lettuce has three varieties: loose leaf, curly leaf, and heading lettuce. Lettuce absorbs a lot of potassium and nitrogen but little phosphorus. Generally, apply 1 bag of formula fertilizer per mu as base fertilizer on top of sufficient organic fertilizer. At the beginning of the peak growth period, apply formula fertilizer 2-3 times, each time 20-30 kg or 10-15 kg of urea plus 15 kg of potassium fertilizer, with N:P:K at 1:0.3:1.5.
2. Solanaceous Vegetable Fertilization: Mainly including eggplants, tomatoes, and peppers. The fertilization of these vegetables should pay attention to two characteristics: one is that the seedling stage fertilizer should be sufficient and the proportion appropriate to cultivate large and strong seedlings. Because they are all long-age seedlings, almost all芽分化 is completed in this period. The quality of the seedlings is directly related to early maturity and high yield; the other is that in the middle and late stages, both vegetative growth and reproductive growth occur simultaneously, and fertilization should meet the needs of vegetative growth without making the vegetative growth too strong to inhibit reproductive growth.
The above is a comprehensive method for explaining balcony vegetable gardening formula fertilization techniques, hoping to solve your green plant problems.