How Apples are Propagated
As a globally widespread Rosaceae fruit tree, apple propagation techniques directly affect fruit quality and yield. Modern fruit farmers mainly adopt three methods of propagation: seedling cultivation, cutting propagation, and grafting, each with its unique operational key points and suitable scenarios.
Core Technology Analysis of Apple Propagation
Key Techniques of Seed Propagation
Seed propagation is the foundation for cultivating new varieties and requires strict control of the seed selection process: 1. Select mature fruits with a diameter ≥8cm for seed collection. 2. Soak in 45°C warm water for 24 hours to activate the embryo. 3. Sand storage needs to maintain 60% humidity and a temperature of 5-8°C. 4. Sow in spring with a depth of 2-3cm, keeping row spacing at 30cm. Note that seedlings need 5-8 years to enter the fruit-bearing stage, suitable for breeding research.
Operational Standards for Cutting Propagation
Hardwood cutting success rate can reach 75% or more: • Use 1-year-old semi-woody branches. • Retain 3-5 full buds, with a 45° oblique cut. • Soak the base in rooting powder for 30 minutes. • Substrate ratio: Vermiculite: Perlite = 3:1. It is crucial to maintain an air humidity of over 85%, with the best results using an intermittent misting system.
Comparison of Grafting Techniques
Chip grafting survival rate 92% vs. sleeve grafting 87%: 1. Rootstock selection: Mountain Ash/Sea Buckthorn roots. 2. Scion collection: Outer branches of high-quality mother plants. 3. T-shaped cut depth reaches the cambium layer. 4. Post-joining management: Formation temperature of callus at 20-25°C. Key reminder: Check the vitality of scions 7-10 days after grafting and promptly supplement if needed.
The three propagation methods each have their pros and cons: seed propagation is suitable for variety improvement, cutting maintains the characteristics of the mother plant, and grafting achieves early fruiting and high yield. It is recommended to choose the propagation method according to the planting goals, combined with water and fertilizer management and pest and disease control, which can increase the economic benefits of the orchard by over 30%.