Rose cultivation
Today, the editor will explain how to cultivate roses and share experiences in rose cultivation and maintenance in green plant care. Let's take a look!
Potted rose maintenance management techniques
1 Rose varieties
1.1 Red and yellow roses
Red and yellow roses are a type of floribunda rose. They are named after their predominantly red or yellow colors. When the flowers bloom, they are in clusters, symmetrical in shape, and lush. The flowers of red and yellow roses are of moderate size, usually about 5cm in diameter, and the height of the flower stems is within 60cm. They grow vigorously, with strong roots and bright flowers that last a long time. They are adaptable to the natural environment and can still bloom in high temperatures, cold, or drought conditions, making them popular. This variety of rose can continue to bloom from April to October. When water is insufficient, the remaining flowers need to be pruned before they can continue to bloom in the later stages.
Western Earth
1.2 Western Earth
Western Earth is a climbing rose. The flower buds are orange or orange-red, cup-shaped, oval buds, and multiple flowers gather to form larger clusters. The petals become lighter in color later, with a diameter of about 8~10cm and about 20 petals. The flowers are bright in color, the flowering period is earlier, and the color changes frequently. They are resistant to dark color spots, white powder, and cold. However, the flowering period of Western Earth is very short, only 7~10 days, and the flowers in a cluster do not bloom together, but always bloom alternately, lacking the peak flowering period. The plant stands upright, grows and develops vigorously, but the growth of the branches is not even, with some branches prone to excessive growth, resulting in insufficient landscape benefits. Moreover, due to the dense and numerous thorns of Western Earth, it causes some trouble for daily maintenance and management. Therefore, it is rarely used in places like elevated bridges.
1.3 Angela
Angela is a climbing rose and is currently one of the main types of roses in landscaping. The flowers are pink, with a lighter color in the center, and about 80~150cm tall. The main characteristic of Angela is that it blooms in large clusters, with a large number of flowers. The flowering period of a single flower can exceed 20 days, and it can bloom continuously for multiple seasons, with a long viewing period and good repeat blooming. It grows rapidly, so the plant can quickly form a large-scale blooming landscape, and the greening benefits are good in the garden. However, the drawback is that the flower shape is small, and after planting, reasonable pruning should be carried out to promote continuous blooming.
Paradise
1.4 Paradise
Paradise is a branch of floribunda roses. The flowers are often bright pink, with a diameter of about 5~8cm. They are adaptable to the natural environment, easy to maintain, and have strong drought resistance, flood resistance, heat resistance, cold resistance, disease resistance, dense flowers, a large number of flowers, high flower clusters, good concentration, and a long flowering period. In Hangzhou, the high flowering period can be extended to the beginning of January of the next year. However, in the high-temperature period of summer, the color of Queen Fairy will fade, seriously affecting the visual appreciation effect.
1.5 Apricot Flower Village
Apricot Flower Village is also a type of floribunda rose. The flowers are mainly pink, with bright colors, vigorous growth, extremely cold-resistant, disease-resistant, insect-resistant, and drought-resistant. The branches and leaves are lush, with strong branching power and rapid development. The flower spikes are clustered. The flowers gather at the top of the branches and also form clusters when blooming. The flowering period can extend from the Hangzhou area to the beginning of January of the next year. However, due to its strong growth, it needs to be pruned regularly every year. The drawback is that in hot seasons, the color is relatively dark. However, the group beauty of Red Star Culture Club has prominent visual effects and strong environmental adaptability, making it very suitable for elevated landscapes.
2 Rose habits
2.1 Ecological habits
For most rose varieties, the cold resistance is relatively good. They can overwinter outdoors in areas outside the north. However, in the north of our country, due to extremely low temperatures, roses must be covered with soil for insulation during the winter. Although roses like sunlight, there is no special requirement for the duration of sunlight. If roses are moved into a high-temperature greenhouse for cultivation in winter, although they can bloom smoothly, there will be some obstacles in their subsequent development. Roses have relatively low requirements for soil quality. Generally, they prefer medium-loamy soil and clay-loamy soil. They grow poorly in sandy soil and acidic soil but can resist slightly acidic soil and have strong resistance to fertility. Therefore, we must continue to apply fertilizer to meet the requirements of flowering and fruiting.
2.2 The relationship between roses and temperature
Observation statistics in recent years have shown that the flowering period of roses is generally from May to November. Because roses are not afraid of frost, the flowers and leaves will only wither slowly after snowfall. They are like light, fertilizer, and water, but at the same time, they can resist drought and barren soil. Because roses like temperature, but cannot tolerate intense heat, in the scorching summer, although roses can flourish, the number of flowers is very few, the flower buds are small, or they do not bloom in the hot environment. Although measures such as reasonable pruning, increasing nitrogen and potassium, shading, and frequent watering have been taken to reduce the phenomenon of not blooming, the number and quality of flowers still cannot meet the level of spring flowering. In places with wide climate management in the north of China, roses can also bloom thinly in the hot July and August, or even have only leaves without flowers. However, from the end of September to October, when the weather gradually cools down, regardless of how loose the management is, roses can all bloom a large number of colorful and beautiful flowers.
3 Potted rose maintenance management
3.1 Planting soil
Soil is one of the important factors for plant growth. Plants directly absorb water, air, and other mineral elements from the soil. Therefore, soil is also an important material basis for plant growth, especially for roses. The choice and matching of planting soil is related to the future development of roses. Since the potted capacity of potted roses is limited, they can only accommodate a small amount of soil, so the requirements for soil quality are relatively high. Usually, before cultivation, two or more soil media are mixed in a certain proportion, rather than a single medium.
The soil substrate for cultivating roses can be roughly divided into three types: waterproof, fertilizer-retaining, and loose and breathable. Generally, common soil media for waterproofing and fertilizer retention are peat soil, peat soil, fine coconut coir, garden soil, northeast black soil, alpine soil, pond soil, etc. The loose and breathable media are usually perlite, coarse coconut shell, loose scales, coarse sand, coal mine slag, shavings, rice husk carbon, peanut shell, etc. Another medium that can waterproof, fertilize,渗透 and ventilate is leaf mold soil, fine sandy loam soil, and razor clam shell. Leaf mold soil is rich in natural organic matter, humic acid, vitamins, auxins, and trace elements. However, roses like fertile and moist soil and fear drought and waterlogging. Therefore, it is necessary to choose sandy loam soil with loose soil, sufficient organic matter, good drainage and permeability, good water retention and soil fertility, and it is advisable to choose slightly acidic soil with a pH of 6.6~6.8. According to the experience of rose maintenance, mix sawdust, slightly acidic yellow soil, and tea residue in appropriate proportions, and then spray the corresponding proportion of soil growth hormone water. Continue to apply humic acid for 3~4 months. The advantage of this soil is that the soil structure is loose, fertile, and has good air permeability and ventilation, which is conducive to the propagation of roses, and is easy to use and cost-effective. For the soil of roses that have already been cultivated, tea residue and peat can be applied in spring and winter to improve the soil by 3~5cm deep, which can reduce the growth and development of weeds and improve the soil structure.
3.2 Fertilizer management
Roses like fertilizer, and the amount and method of fertilization for roses are different in each growth and development season. Therefore, it is necessary to master the principles of frequent application, less application, and light application according to the characteristics of the season and the growth and development stage. Among the essential nutrient elements required for rose production, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the most needed by roses. The main function of nitrogen fertilizer is to promote the vigorous growth of rose branches and leaves, making the leaves bright and green. However, it should also be noted that excessive nitrogen fertilizer will cause roses to grow excessively. Phosphorus mainly promotes the development of rose roots, improves cold and drought resistance, and has the function of promoting flower growth, enriching fruits, and making flowers colorful and rich. Phosphorus can only make roses root, bloom, and bear fruit, but without phosphorus, it is difficult for roses to bloom. Even if they bloom, the flowers will be fewer and the color will be smaller. The main function of potassium is to promote the strong growth and development of roses, making the stems thick and hard, and it can improve the resistance of roses to diseases and insect pests. When applying topdressing fertilizer, avoid dangerous fertilization periods, that is, the early stage of growth and development. Due to the delicate roots and poor resistance to soil fertility, no fertilizer should be applied during this period. The new shoots and leaves should fully extend from the greening period to the plum rain season, which is also the most vigorous period of growth and development of roses. The soil nutrient loss is relatively large during this period, and more balanced comprehensive fertilizer should be applied. Usually, 2.5kg per plant, leaf topdressing fertilizer, and 1000 times balanced liquid fertilizer and 1000 times growth hormone solution can be applied or irrigated. The fertilization time is usually 5~7 days. In addition, high-phosphorus comprehensive fertilizer can be applied before the appearance of flower buds in mid-April to promote flower bud differentiation and the growth and development of flowers. Fertilization in the plum rain season and early summer generally uses high-phosphorus comprehensive fertilizer and high-phosphorus liquid fertilizer to make the plant branches stronger and enable roses to grow well in the high-temperature and drought conditions of summer. In the high-temperature period from July to August, roses are close to semi-dormant. Not fertilizing can easily cause plant death; the second vigorous growth and development period of roses throughout the year is from late August to mid-October. The focus is on the combination of balanced compound fertilizer, balanced liquid fertilizer, and growth hormone. After autumn, increasing or decreasing the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can control the growth and development of new shoots, which is beneficial for overwintering: Do not fertilize after mid-November. Fertilizing easily causes plants to grow laboriously. Before the beginning of spring, apply calcium magnesium phosphate + bone meal, and do not apply cow dung or sheep dung. Chicken manure and pigeon manure should not be used to promote the growth and development of plant roots and increase flower buds in the next year. Each pruning of roses should be combined with topdressing fertilizer to timely supplement the nutrients required for blooming plants and promote root differentiation and the formation of new buds.
3.3 Pesticide management
The most common pests and diseases of potted roses are black spot disease, scale insects, moths, red spiders, and thrips. Among them, black spot disease is caused by fungi. In the early stage of occurrence, small round spots, generally brown, appear on the leaves, and the spots gradually spread over time to form deeper patches. There is black mold on the patches, and there are obvious radial lines around them. In severe cases, the lesions are connected into fragments, causing the leaves to turn yellow and fall off, seriously harming the growth and development of the plants. The outbreak time of red and black spots is from April to May and August to September. The main preventive method is to use 1000 times methyl thiotepa, carbendazim, or mancozeb alternately. Note that red and black spots are most likely to infect 2~3 days after heavy rain, and the incubation period is about one month, so it is necessary to spray the medicine in time after heavy rain. Adult insects mainly concentrate on buds, tender leaves, and flower buds to suck juice. When they appear on a large scale, there is a black oily exudate, mainly in the spring and early summer. 1000 times liquid transdermal avermectin or 1000 times liquid imidacloprid can be used for prevention. Moths usually eat rose leaves. 500~1000 times liquid amino acid avermectin benzoate can be used for prevention. Red spiders are more likely to produce a large number and cause harm in high-temperature and drought seasons. They first suck the juice of leaves, causing the leaves to become yellow small spots, and then slowly spread to the whole leaf, causing the leaves to curl, wither, or fall off. During the outbreak period of the disease, 15% of the dazometin emulsion can be sprayed with 2000 times dilution. Thrips suck the juice of flowers and branches of roses, affecting the growth and development of plants. If the area of the disease is small, the infected branches can be pruned, otherwise, 1000 times liquid dimethoate can be used for prevention. Note that the above-mentioned drugs can be mixed and used in practical applications to increase production efficiency.
3.4 Water management
Supplementing water is a key requirement for the normal growth and development of plants. If there is insufficient water, the normal growth and development of plants will also be seriously affected. Since roses like a mild and humid environment but also tolerate drought, it is necessary to adhere to the basic principles of dry and thorough watering. Water should be supplied when the surface soil is dry, and scientific fertilizer and water management should be carried out according to the growth of the plants, but it is also necessary to understand their water demand characteristics in the physiological activities of the growth and development stage. Due to the different stages of natural growth and development, it is necessary to flexibly grasp the seasonal changes, temperature, air humidity, and soil physical properties. Usually, in the early stage of axillary bud germination, the water demand is relatively low, and water should be controlled in time; after axillary bud germination, it enters the stage of new shoot growth, branching, and leaf expansion. The water demand gradually increases, and the combination of "promotion" and "control" should be used; when the water demand reaches the peak, sufficient water supply should be provided in the stage of bud development, and the soil moisture should be often ensured; after the flowers are left, the soil should be kept dry and wet to promote the growth of roots and stems and accumulate the ability of flower bud differentiation and growth and development for the next batch. Therefore, potted roses in spring must be particularly careful not to water too early and excessively to prevent axillary buds from germinating prematurely and being affected by late frost and late frost.
4 The application and configuration of roses in Hangzhou
4.1 Road greening
Since the implementation of the "Home Beautification Project" in Hangzhou in 2009, roads have always been the main type of landscape green space for urban environmental greening and brightening. In the transformation process, a large number of plant varieties with bright colors, long flowering periods, and good resistance to drugs, such as Figure 1, were selected. In the green space of the vehicle lanes of Moganshan Road, Daguan Road, and Fengtan Road, rose varieties such as "Paradise", "Xinghua Village", and "Mohan Palace" were selected. In the green space of Century Street, Starlight Street, the side of Daguan Road, and the side of Zhijiang East Road, with a large variety of roads, group planting or group planting was set up to provide Hangzhou's urban road landscape with rich and charming urban landscapes.
Rose cultivation
Road greening
4.2 Elevated roses
In recent years, with the rapid development of our country, urban transportation has also changed rapidly, and the construction of elevated expressway projects has become more and more, and urban residents' demand for the environment has also become greater and greater. Higher requirements and pursuits have been put forward for urban landscape construction. Therefore, the construction of elevated landscape is a key link in urban landscape construction, and the unique growth environment and urban functions of elevated landscape have put forward higher requirements for the selection of landscape flowers. Due to poor environmental conditions and insufficient water, the flowers selected must not only resist the cold winter but also the hot summer, and will not affect the landscape of ground traffic. Therefore, roses are particularly suitable for elevated landscaping. Because of their drought resistance, flood resistance, disease resistance, long flowering period, and bright colors, many varieties, since 2010, Hangzhou has planted roses on elevated roads, and the effect has been remarkable, forming a beautiful scenery line in Hangzhou, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Elevated rose planting
4.3 Rose specialized garden
After years of reform, Hangzhou has emerged some specialized rose theme parks with good landscape benefits and welcomed by a large number of residents, which not only improve the quality of life of citizens but also cultivate a large number of enthusiasts. For example, in Daguan Park, since the government built the "Green Home" project in Daguan Park, there are many varieties of roses with rich and diverse shapes. A grid frame is set on the back of the original seats, and climbing roses 'Angela' are planted. Corridors are set on both sides of Huayuan Road, forming flower arches of climbing roses 'Tour' and 'Xiyu'. A triangular grid is established in the green space of the park, and climbing roses 'Angela' are planted in groups to become flower screens. In the flower beds in the park, floribunda roses 'Paradise', 'Hongcongrou', and 'Huangcongrou' are installed. After years of meticulous maintenance, Daguan Park has now become a specialized park with roses as the main body, providing the surrounding