Tea Oil Tree Planting Conditions
The editor brings you the experience of tea oil tree planting conditions, Camellia oleifera planting technology, and green plant maintenance management. The following is a detailed explanation for you by the editor.
Today, the editor and everyone together to understand the tea oil tree planting technology. I know that many of the partners want to plant, but they always do not know how to plant. Let's go and see with the editor.
China is the original producing area of Camellia oleifera. Camellia oleifera, belonging to the Theaceae family, is the main and unique woody oil crop in China. Camellia oleifera has a long lifespan and strong adaptability, and it can grow on hills, mountains, gullies, and roadsides without competing with grain and cotton for land. Camellia oleifera can not only afforest barren mountains, maintain water and soil, but also is an evergreen broad-leaved tree with thick leathery leaves, smooth trunk, and防火 effects, therefore, it is also a good species for fire prevention forest belts.
Distribution and Cultivation: The suitable cultivation area of Camellia oleifera refers to the area where Camellia oleifera is suitable for growing for the purpose of oil production. The distribution boundary of Camellia oleifera in China is: 23°30' to 31°00' north latitude, 104°30'' to 121°25' east longitude, mainly distributed between 23° and 30° north latitude. Within the distribution area, it belongs to the subtropical湿润 monsoon climate with abundant water and heat conditions.
Features and Properties
1. Morphological characteristics: Camellia oleifera is an evergreen small tree, 4-6 meters high, and 2-3 meters tall. The flowers are bisexual, sessile, bloom from mid to late October, and the fruits mature from October of the current year to October of the following year. Therefore, flowers and fruits coexist on the Camellia oleifera trees.
2. Suitable conditions: Camellia oleifera prefers a warm and humid climate, requiring an annual average temperature of 14-21°C, the minimum monthly average temperature should not be lower than 0°C, the maximum monthly average temperature is 31°C, relative humidity between 74-85%, annual average rainfall of more than 1,000 millimeters, evenly distributed in all seasons, and 1,800-2,200 hours of sunlight. It is not strict with soil requirements, highly adaptable, can tolerate relatively poor soil, generally suitable for acidic yellow soil with a pH value of 5-6. However, loose, deep, well-drained, and fertile sandy soil is especially beneficial for the growth and development of Camellia oleifera. Trees growing on sunny mountain slopes facing south, southeast, or southwest have thick trunks, ovate crowns, abundant fruiting, and high yield. Camellia oleifera is a deep-rooted species with developed main roots, descending more than 1.5 meters. Camellia oleifera has the property of sprouting and strong regeneration ability. Using this characteristic, it is possible to carry out old and residual forest renewal and transformation, and nurseries new branches after cutting for afforestation.
3. Growth and development process
① New shoots: Camellia oleifera has spring, summer, and autumn shoots. Most of the flower buds are differentiated on the spring shoots, which account for more than 98% of the new shoots. Before the full fruiting period, spring shoots grow vigorously, and after the full fruiting period, spring shoots grow relatively slowly.
② Flowers: Flower buds begin to differentiate on the current year's spring shoots in April, the initial flowering period is in mid to late October, the full flowering period is in late October, and the late flowering period is from late November to December. Each flower blooms and withers within about 5-6 days. The stigma is normal on the first and second days of flowering, begins to wither on the third and fourth days, and the pollen has the highest germination rate and vitality on the first and second days on the stigma, making it easiest to be fertilized. Camellia oleifera is generally pollinated by insects, especially cross-pollination between different flowers and plants. The result rate of flowering is high during the full flowering period when it is warm and sunny, and insects are active. Self-pollination and the initial and late flowering periods have low fruiting rates. Therefore, within the forest, soil bees should be protected and released to improve the pollination rate and fruiting amount.
③ Roots: The roots begin to activity in mid-February, the fastest growth period is from late March to mid-April, and the growth is also fast from June to July, lasting for a long time. The root growth is very slow from late December to early February of the following year.
Seedling Raising
1. Direct seeding: Strip sowing is recommended. Both winter and spring can be sown. Winter sowing is in November, and spring sowing is in February to March. The winter sowing trench is 10-12 cm wide, 18-21 cm apart, 4-5 cm deep, and 100-125 kg of seeds per mu. The seeds must be selected and disinfected before sowing. After sowing, cover with 3-4 cm of soil and then cover with a thin layer of straw. The straw should be uncovered in late April. When the seedlings are about 10 cm high, they can be fertilized with fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer; when they have 3-5 true leaves, they can be fertilized with compound fertilizer. The container seedling raising method involves directly sowing seeds after germination into the nutrient soil of the container bags, which is not limited by the season for afforestation, has a high survival rate, and fast growth, making it an efficient seedling raising method. For direct propagation of Camellia oleifera seeds, due to the large differentiation of offspring, serious variety degradation, irregular forest appearance, inconsistent maturity of tea fruits, late fruit setting, and late peak fruiting period, do not use direct seeding for afforestation.
4. Vegetative propagation
① Cutting propagation: The cutting seedbed soil is divided into two layers, the top layer is a mixture of yellow heart soil and sand (1:1 or 2:1 ratio depending on the clay content), 6-10 cm thick; the bottom layer is fertile soil, loose layer about 10 cm thick, and the pH value of the cutting soil does not exceed 6. The cuttings should be taken from good varieties or excellent asexual lines, requiring sturdy, straight, with healthy axillary buds and intact leaves one-year-old woody spring shoots. The cut branches should be placed in a shaded place, sprayed with water to keep moist, and prevent squeezing and heating. Depending on the internode length of the branches, cut into long or short spikes, with short spikes being better. Short spikes carry 1-2 leaves, 3-5 cm long. After cutting, bundle every 20 spikes, place the cut surface in a 200-400 mg/kg naphthylacetic acid solution for 12-16 hours, and after cutting, there should be a shade shed, the temperature inside the shed should not exceed 30 degrees Celsius, if too high, uncover the shed for ventilation and cooling, water frequently, the survival rate is generally above 80%. In good conditions, using enclosed or automatic spray devices, the effect of cutting is better, but the propagated Camellia oleifera seedlings have underdeveloped roots and poor drought resistance, leading to low survival rates in afforestation, so it should be used with caution and not advocated.
② Grafting propagation: Mainly using bud grafting, with common Camellia oleifera seedlings as rootstocks, soaking seeds 35-45 days before grafting, then sowing on sandbeds or nutrient soil, about 3 cm deep, slightly pressing after covering with sand, sand thickness about 10 cm, too thin and the seedling stem will emerge early from the ground, become thin and old, which is not good for grafting. After the seedlings emerge from the sand (soil) with 2-3 leaves, grafting is performed. Bud grafting generally uses the split grafting method, the procedures are as follows: First, remove the bare-rooted seedlings from the sandbed, wash, cover with wet cloth, and place on the indoor operating table (desk) for备用. The second step is to cut the top of the seedling with a blade (single-edged blade) 1-1.5 cm above the bud, then split the rootstock in the middle of the pith, about 1 cm long, retain 5-6 cm of the radicle, and remove the excess part. The third step is to sleeve the rootstock, that is, to sleeve the rootstock with a thin aluminum sheet (or toothpaste skin) slightly larger than the diameter of the rootstock. First, make a cylinder with a length of about 3 cm and a width of about 1 cm from the thin aluminum sheet, then sleeve the rootstock. The fourth step is to cut the scion, on the lower end of the scion, 1-2 cm from the petiole, cut a 15-degree, about 1 cm long double-oblique wedge shape on both sides, then cut off 2-3 mm above the petiole to form a scion with 1 bud and 1 leaf. Place in water for later use. Finally, insert the cut scion into the rootstock incision, align the bark on one side of the leaf, slightly lift and squeeze the sleeve to make the scion and rootstock close. The planting depth should be just enough for the base of the seed coat to enter the soil, press firmly, do not leave roots, after planting, water to keep moist, and then plant in a shade house with 80% light transmission and 20% humidity. The sealing material is generally plastic film, which is both translucent and moisturizing, the humidity inside the shed is 85%-90%, the temperature is 25-28°C, should not exceed 33°C, if too high, uncover the film for ventilation and cooling, water to keep moist. When most of the scions have germinated and unfolded leaves (about a month and a half), the moisture tent can be removed, and shading can continue until autumn. Then, manage in time for seedling removal, fertilization, weeding, etc.
Site Preparation and Afforestation
1. Site preparation
Camellia oleifera is not strict with the requirements for afforestation sites, but in order to achieve high and stable yields, the afforestation sites should be selected with deep soil (soil depth of more than 60 cm, at least more than 40 cm), good drainage, better fertility, moist, good ventilation, slightly acidic (pH value range: 5.5-6.5) sandy loam or light clay loam, (limestone mountains cannot be planted). But try to avoid planting in sandy soil with high sand content on mountain tops that do not retain water and in poorly drained areas, and site preparation should be carried out in the autumn and winter of the year before afforestation.
① Full-scale site preparation: On flat or gentle slopes, full-scale site preparation can be used (slope less than 15°), which can be carried out around September. The depth: 20-25 cm in mountainous areas, 25-30 cm in hills. Remove stones, tree roots, and other debris, expose the soil to sunlight for ripening, and by November, level the soil and dig holes at the ring mountain, with a size of 60×60×60 cm.
② Strip site preparation: For slopes greater than 15°, level strip site preparation should be used. Open ring mountain horizontal strips according to row spacing, with the outer high and inner low, the strip width depends on the slope, the smaller the slope, the wider the strip, and the larger the slope, the narrower the strip. On the strip, dig holes according to the plant spacing, with the same specifications as full-scale site preparation.
③ Block site preparation: For slopes greater than 20° and less than 25°, or for areas with high soil and water conservation requirements such as ponds, reservoirs, and along roads, block hole preparation should be used, arranged in a "品" shape horizontally around the mountain, with large holes generally 50×50×50 cm, and additional soil and water conservation measures should be increased.
2. Afforestation
The initial planting density, pure forest initial planting density with 2.5m×2.5m, 2.5m×3m, 3m×3m plant spacing is more appropriate. The planting density should be determined according to the site conditions, variety characteristics, and management objectives. In mountainous and relatively flat areas with fertile soil, a planting density of 2.5-3×3 meters, that is, 74-89 plants per mu; in areas with poor soil fertility and steep slopes, a planting density of 2-2.5×3 meters, that is, 89-111 plants per mu. In short, it is necessary to determine a reasonable close planting based on local conditions, requiring that the coverage density of Camellia oleifera entering the full fruiting period is not less than 0.6 and not more than 0.8.
There are two methods of Camellia oleifera afforestation: seedling planting and direct seeding. Seedling planting is carried out in winter and spring, with spring being the best time. The main points are: topsoil into the hole, the soil in the hole is fine, in conditional places, a certain amount of organic fertilizer or soil mixture fertilizer is applied in the hole before planting. The seedling trunk is upright, slightly deep planted, the roots are spread out, layered trampled tightly, so that the roots and soil are closely connected, and covered with loose soil. The planting depth of one-year-old seedlings is best with 1 cm above the grafting joint of the Camellia oleifera seedlings.
The root collar should be 2-3 cm lower than the ground. To ensure survival, do not plant overnight seedlings, before planting, the roots of the tea seedlings should be evenly coated with sludge, the best sludge is from paddy fields or ponds. The afforestation seedlings should be selected from first-class seedlings or two-year-old seedlings to ensure survival and forest formation. When afforesting Camellia oleifera, attention should be paid to the variety configuration, with more than 2 varieties in areas larger than 15 acres, and more than 5 varieties in areas larger than 75 acres. The flowering and maturity periods of the varieties must match. The best time for afforestation is from the first to the second ten days of February, and it must be completed by the middle of March. Container seedlings can also be used for afforestation in the plum rain season or in the autumn and winter seasons.
Direct seeding afforestation is carried out in winter and spring, winter sowing in November to December, and spring sowing in February to March, with winter sowing being better. Winter sowing has the advantages of early root development, fast germination, strong seedlings, and drought resistance, and can save seed storage. Winter sowing sows 3 seeds per hole in a triangular shape, covered with soil 4-5 cm thick; spring sowing covers the soil with about 3 cm.
The above () introduces the conditions required for planting Camellia oleifera and the planting technology and management of Camellia oleifera. Hope it helps green plant enthusiasts!